Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Jean
Shepherd Radio Shows All Known To Exist DVD, MP3 Download, USB
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 1908: New Year's Day: -- For
the first time, a time ball is dropped in New York City's Times
Square, now known as the Times Square Ball, to signify the start
of the New Year at midnight. January 1 became the new date for the
new year when the Julian calendar took effect as the civil
calendar of the Roman Empire on January 1, 45 BC. On the night
prior, December 31, 1907, the first annual New Year's Eve Times
Square Ball Drop wass held at Times Square in Manhattan (then
known as Longacre Square, renamed after The New York Times moved
its headquarters to the new Times Building, today's One Times
Square), in celebration of New Year's Eve and signifying the start
of the New Year at midnight. The Times Square Ball is a time ball,
an obsolete time-signalling device that historically consisted of
a large, painted wooden or metal ball dropped at a predetermined
time, principally to enable navigators aboard ships offshore to
verify the setting of their marine chronometers so that accurate
timekeeping could be kept, which is essential to the determination
of longitude at sea. Although the use of time balls has been
replaced by electronic time signals, some time balls have remained
operational as historical tourist attractions, and in the case of
the Times Square Ball, as part of public celebrations. The Times
Square Ball is located on the roof of One Times Square, and it
descends down a specially designed flagpole beginning at 11:59:00
p.m. ET, and resting at midnight to signal the start of the new
year. In recent years, the festivities have been preceded by live
entertainment, including performances by musicians. The event was
first organized by Adolph Ochs, owner of The New York Times
newspaper, as a successor to a series of New Year's Eve fireworks
displays he held at the building to promote its status as the new
headquarters of the Times, while the ball itself was designed by
Artkraft Strauss. The ball drop has been held annually since
December 31, 1907, except in 1942 and 1943 in observance of
wartime blackouts. The ball's design has been updated over the
years to reflect improvements in lighting technology; the ball was
initially constructed from wood and iron, and lit with 100
incandescent light bulbs. The current incarnation features a
computerized LED lighting system and an outer surface consisting
of triangular crystal panels. These panels contain inscriptions
representing a yearly theme. Since 2009, the current ball has been
displayed atop on Times Square year-round, while the original,
smaller version of the current ball that was used in 2008 has been
on display inside the Times Square visitor's center. The event is
organized by the Times Square Alliance and Countdown
Entertainment, a company led by Jeff Strauss, and is among the
most notable New Year's celebrations internationally. It is
attended by at least 1 million spectators yearly, and is
nationally televised as part of New Year's Eve specials broadcast
by a number of networks and cable channels. The prevalence of the
Times Square ball drop has inspired similar "drops" at
other local New Year's Eve events across the country; while some
use balls, some instead drop objects that represent local culture
or history.. The last evening of the Gregorian calendar year, New
Year's Eve is traditionally a night for merry-making to welcome in
the new year. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Old
Time Radio Comedy MegaSet MP3 Collection DVD, Download, USB
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1: National Hangover Day: -- A
very necessary annual observance for the many people who nurse the
aching heads that got while celebrating New Year's Eve the night
before! Symptoms of a Hangover are: 1) Feeling tired: Alcohol is a
toxin. Our bodies metabolize toxins (alcohol) at a certain pace.
When the speed of consumption exceeds the pace the liver can
process it, we become intoxicated. The risk of a hangover becomes
substantially higher, too. As the liver breaks down alcohol, it
produces the toxic chemical acetaldehyde. One of the substances
the body produces to counter these toxins is glutathione. The body
can only make so much at a time, and a night of drinking quickly
depletes it. Since glutathione is a stimulant, when it's
exhausted, we feel tired. 2) Upset stomach: Alcohol promotes the
secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Excessive amounts
of hydrochloric acid lead to a queasy stomach, diarrhea, or
vomiting. 3) Headache or muscle aches: Alcohol is a diuretic.
Dehydration leads to aches and pains, as well as the upset stomach
listed above. To prevent that Hangover: 1) Eat - A fat and
protein-loaded meal before or during the first round of drinks
slows the absorption of alcohol into the bloodstream. No, the food
doesn't act a sponge, soaking up the alcohol, but it does slow
down the digestive process. Fats and especially proteins, take
longer to digest, and the alcohol will be released more slowly
into the bloodstream. 2) Drink water - Keep hydrated between beers
or shots by drinking a glass of water in between. Hydration
dilutes the alcohol, giving the liver time to keep up and replace
the fluids lost. 3) Avoid diet cocktails - According to WebMD,
studies show cocktails mixed with fruits, fruit juices, or other
sugar-containing beverages lessen the intensity of a hangover. 4)
Pace yourself - The saying, "Beer then liquor, never been
sicker. Liquor then beer, have no fear," has more to do with
the amount of alcohol consumed than the type. Beer tends to be
consumed more quickly than hard liquor, and as the night goes on,
each successive drink tends to go down easier. Starting with
liquor and then switching to beer halfway through, one might drink
more beer, but less total alcohol than if the process is reversed.
For hangover cures: 1) the only sure-fire cure for a hangover is
time and lots of fluids. Some common remedies may help ease the
symptoms, and others only delay recovery. 2) The worst, but most
common, hangover "cure" is called "the hair of the
dog that bit you." This remedy suggests having some of what
caused the hangover will help cure it. However, the approach will
only delay recovery as it will further tax the liver, increase the
secretion of hydrochloric acid, and will not replace any of the
fluids already lost to last night's revelry. 3) Drink coffee - In
the movies, a strong cup of coffee is often shoved into the hands
of the hangover victim in hopes of bringing some life back into
them. Coffee is a diuretic, and while it may stimulate the body
temporarily, the effect doesn't last and will only delay recovery.
3) Pain relievers may be the logical choice for that pounding
headache, which is a common symptom of a hangover. However, they
also tax the already overworked liver. If a pain reliever is
necessary, aspirin will have the least effect on the liver but can
irritate the stomach. Either way, pain relievers may delay
recovery more than ease the symptoms. Over-the-counter miracle
cures may seem too good to be true, and they probably are. Most of
them require each pill to be taken with large quantities of water,
which is itself a treatment for a hangover. These products may
help ease the symptoms though. 4) Eat a banana. Bananas are high
in potassium. While consuming alcohol, we lose a lot of this
nutrient. Potassium loss contributes to muscle aches and cramps.
Eating a banana will help ease these symptoms. 5) Drinking plenty
of water during the party and replacing fluids after can help ease
the symptoms of a hangover. Rehydrate with water, or also try
fruit juices and sports drinks. These will replace electrolytes
that have been lost and also help recover from low blood sugar.
Studies have shown that alcohol consumption has a direct
correlation to an increase in insulin. 6) Eating a meal with
complex carbohydrates, protein, and a little fat can help ease the
symptoms of a hangover. Whole wheat toast can absorb some of the
acids the stomach is producing. A fried egg can give the stomach
something else to do instead of producing acid and also replaces
some nutrients the body lost during the party binge. However you
manage your hangover, use #NationalHangOverDay to post about it on
Social Media. National Hangover Day began at the Oven and Tap, a
restaurant in Bentonville, Arkansas, in October 2015. People were
talking about National Days, and the conversation turned to what
day on the calendar had little or no National Days attached to it.
When it was announced that January 1 was only known as New Year's
Day, Keegan Calligar and Marlo Anderson both stated simultaneously
that it should be National Hangover Day (had they had been better
informed, they'd have learned that more historic events took place
on New Years Day than any other day of the year due to its being a
useful demarcation point in the calendar year for matters of
moment to take effect). Keegan Calligar and Marlo Anderson
submitted National Hangover Day in October 2015. The day was
approved by the registrar of National Day Calendar in November of
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Classic
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Today, January 1, 2026
January 1: National Bloody Mary Day: -- A
serving-up of one of the world's most popular hangover cures: the
Bloody Mary! It would seem the Bloody Mary is the product of
several hard day's nights, lackluster cocktails, and seemingly
tasteless liquor. When the Russian Revolution pressed fleeing men
into Paris and to Harry's Bar at The Ritz Hotel, bartender
Ferdinand "Pete" Petiot mixed up a cocktail that
eventually made its way to post-prohibition America. According to
Food and Drink in American History: "Full Course"
Encyclopedia by Andrew F. Smith, the Bloody Mary made its debut in
Paris at The Ritz Hotel in 1921. Originally named the Bucket of
Blood, it also went by the name Red Snapper. Petiot later left
Paris and introduced the vodka, tomato juice, lemon juice,
Worcestershire, cayenne, and salty cocktail to the New York King
Cole Bar scene when prohibition ended. Some attribute the name to
the notorious Queen Mary Tudor, who executed hundreds of
Protestants in the name of Catholicism during her short five-year
reign from 1553 to 1558. Others claim Petiot's girlfriend of the
same name receives the credit. Today's Bloody Mary includes a
variety of ingredients from pickles, olives, and celery to bacon,
horseradish, tobacco, and peppers. Enjoy a Bloody Mary using any
number of recipes! Select your favorite combinations and get ready
for the new year. Have you tried pickled beans or asparagus? Like
its cousin, the Bloody Caesar, the drink has become a smorgasbord
of beverage bar. After a while, we begin to wonder whether we
order it more for the liquid contents or the edible ingredients.
However, if each additional component starts the New Year off
right, the day is worth celebrating! The best way to celebrate the
day is with friends. And remember to drink responsibly and never
drink and drive. Use #NationalBloodyMaryDay to share on social
media. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Eyes On
The Prize II: America At The Racial Crossroads DVD MP4 USB
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1: Kwanzaa (Heri Za Kwanzaa) --
The last day of Kwanzaa is observed, celebrated until January 1 in
the United States and other nations of the African diaspora in the
Americas to honor African heritage in African American culture. It
is a week-long holiday observed from December 26 to January 1,
culminating in gift-giving and a feast. The first Kwanzaa was
established and celebrated by Maulana Karenga, the chair of Black
Studies at California State University, Long Beach. Kwanzaa
celebrates traditional African harvest festivals, focusing on
family unity, with a community harvest feast on the seventh day.
Kwanzaa means "first fruit" in Swahili. On Sale @ 15%
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: T.R.: The
Life Of Theodore Roosevelt DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1: Public Domain Day
(International Public Domain Day): -- A day when copyrights expire
and works enter into the public domain. This legal transition of
copyright works into the public domain usually happens every year
on January 1 based on the individual copyright laws of each
country. The observance of a "Public Domain Day" was
initially informal; the earliest known mention was in 2004 by
Wallace McLean (a Canadian public domain activist), with support
for the idea echoed by Lawrence Lessig. Several websites list the
authors whose works are entering the public domain each January 1.
There are activities in countries around the world by various
organizations all under the banner Public Domain Day. On Sale @
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Pirates 12
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Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, c. 1645: #BOTD: #HBD!
William Kidd, unduly infamous as Captain William Kidd or simply
Captain Kidd, Scottish privateer (d. May 23, 1701) is #born;
conflicting accounts exist regarding his early life, but he was
likely born in Dundee and later settled in New York City. By 1690,
Kidd had become a highly successful privateer, commissioned to
protect English interests in North America and the West Indies. In
1695, Kidd received a royal commission from the Earl of Bellomont,
the governor of New York, Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, to
hunt down pirates and enemy French ships in the Indian Ocean. He
received a letter of marque and set sail on a new ship, Adventure
Galley, the following year. On his voyage he failed to find many
targets, lost much of his crew and faced threats of mutiny. In
1698, Kidd captured his greatest prize, the 400-ton Quedagh
Merchant, a ship hired by Armenian merchants and captained by an
Englishman. The political climate in England had turned against
him, however; his letters of marque were concealed by Bellomont,
who engineered Kidd's arrest upon his return to Boston, falsely
denounced Kidd as a pirate, and sent him to stand trial in London
where he was found guilty and hanged in 1701. Kidd was
romanticized after his death and his exploits became a popular
subject of pirate-themed works of fiction. The belief that he had
left buried treasure contributed significantly to his legend,
which inspired numerous treasure hunts in the following centuries.
William Kidd died after being despicably betrayed when he is
hanged at Execution Dock, known as "The Dock", in
Tilbury (modern Tilbery) near Tilbery Point at The Port Of Tilbery
which is part of The Port Of London after being wrongfully
convicted of piracy and of the killing of mutinous sailor William
Moore. His burial details are not known for certain, although his
remains are believed to be at the bottom of Thames River near or
at the former Execution Dock. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Story
Of Civilization: Will & Ariel Durant DVD, MP3 Download, USB
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthday Unknown, 433: #BOTD: Odoacer
("OH-DOH-AHCH-ehr"), also spelled Odovacer or Odovacar,
barbarian Germanic foederatus officer and statesman from the
Middle Danube who was an officer of the Roman army who deposed the
Western Roman child emperor Romulus Augustulus to become the ruler
of Italy, marking the end of the Roman Empire in the West, the
fall of Ancient Rome, and the beginning of the Dark Ages and
Middle Ages in Western Europe (d. March 15, 493) is #born; nothing
else is known about his birth other than that he was the son of
Edeko (Edekon, Aediko, Idikon, Edica), a prominent military leader
in the fifth-century multiethnic empire of Attila the Hun.
Although he ruled Italy, Odoacer styled himself a client of the
Eastern emperor Zeno in Constantinople. He was addressed not only
as Rex (King) but also as Dux (Leader) and Patrician (Ruling Class
Member), the latter title granted by Zeno. In the sole surviving
document from his chancery -- and by the consul Basilius --
Odoacer used the title "King". Backed by the Roman
Senate, he distributed land with little resistance. Soldier unrest
in 477-478 caused violence, but his later reign was stable.
Although an Arian Christian (whose doctrine rejected the idea of
the Trinity), he seldom interfered in the Trinitarian state
church. Before becoming King, Odoacer led the revolt of Herulian,
Rugian, and Scirian troops that deposed Romulus Augustulus on
September 4, 476. The boy-emperor, elevated by his father Orestes
less than a year earlier, never gained authority beyond central
Italy. With senatorial support, Odoacer then ruled autonomously
while formally recognizing both Julius Nepos and Zeno. After
Nepos's murder in 480, Odoacer invaded Dalmatia, executed the
conspirators, and annexed the region within two years. In 484,
when Illus, Eastern magister militum, sought his aid against Zeno,
Odoacer invaded the emperor's western provinces. Zeno retaliated
by spurring the Rugii to attack Italy, but Odoacer crushed them
north of the Danube in 487-488. To end the conflict, Zeno
unleashed the Ostrogoth Theodoric the Great, who invaded in 489,
seized most of Italy by 490, and forced Odoacer into Ravenna.
After the city surrendered in the climax of The Battle Of Isonzo
during the Roman-Germanic Wars on March 5, 493, Theodoric invited
him to a reconciliation banquet, where Odoacer died aged 59-60
when Theoderic killed him and claimed the throne with his own
hands while the two kings were feasting. The location of his
remains are unknown. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Roots Of
Resistance: The Underground Railroad DVD, MP4, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, c. 1820: #BOTD: #HBD!
Harriet Tubman, African American nurse, activist, abolitionist,
humanitarian, and an armed scout and spy for the United States
Army during the American Civil War (d. March 10, 1913) is #born
into slavery as Araminta Ross in Dorchester County, Maryland to
enslaved parents, Harriet ("Rit") Green and Ben Ross.
Her nickname was "Minty". She went on to escape from her
masters and thereby from slavery, and subsequently made some
thirteen missions to rescue approximately seventy enslaved people,
family and friends, using the network of antislavery activists and
safe houses known as the Underground Railroad. She later helped
abolitionist John Brown recruit men for his raid on Harpers Ferry,
and in the post-war era was an active participant in the struggle
for women's suffrage. Born Araminta Ross as a slave in Dorchester
County, Maryland, Tubman was beaten and whipped by her various
masters as a child. Early in life, she suffered a traumatic head
wound when an irate slave owner threw a heavy metal weight
intending to hit another slave and hit her instead. The injury
caused dizziness, pain, and spells of hypersomnia, which occurred
throughout her life. She was a devout Christian and experienced
strange visions and vivid dreams, which she ascribed to
premonitions from God. In 1849, Tubman escaped to Philadelphia,
then immediately returned to Maryland to rescue her family.
Slowly, one group at a time, she brought relatives with her out of
the state, and eventually guided dozens of other slaves to
freedom. Traveling by night and in extreme secrecy, Tubman (or
"Moses", as she was called) "never lost a
passenger". After the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was passed,
she helped guide fugitives farther north into British North
America, and helped newly freed slaves find work. When the Civil
War began, Tubman worked for the Union Army, first as a cook and
nurse, and then as an armed scout and spy. The first woman to lead
an armed expedition in the war, she guided the raid at Combahee
Ferry, which liberated more than 700 slaves. After the war, she
retired to the family home on property she had purchased in 1859
in Auburn, New York, where she cared for her aging parents. She
was active in the women's suffrage movement until illness overtook
her and she had to be admitted to a home for elderly African
Americans that she had helped to establish years earlier. After
she died in 1913, she became an icon of American courage and
freedom. Harriet Tubman died of pneumonia in an Auburn, New York
rest home named in her honor surrounded by friends and family
members, aged 90-91. Just before she died, she told those in the
room: "I go to prepare a place for you." Tubman was
buried with semi-military honors at Fort Hill Cemetery in Auburn.
Her passing is memorialized as National Harriet Tubman Day.
#HarrietTubman #Abolitionists #UndergroundRailroad #Activists
#AfricanAmericanHistory #AfricanAmericanHeritage #BlackHeritage
#BlackPeople #Blacks #AfricanAmericans #BlackAmericans #Slavery
#SlaveryInTheUnitedStates #SlaveryInTheUS #AmericanCivilWar
#WarBetweenTheStates #WomensSuffrage #WomensEquality
#GenderEquality #SexualEquality #WomensRights #CivilRights
#WomensLiberation #Suffrage #UniversalSuffrage #GeneralSuffrage
#CommonSuffrage #WomensLib #BlackCivilRights #AmericanHistory
#HistoryOfTheUS #WesternCulture #WesternCivilization
#OccidentalCulture #WesternWorld #WesternSociety #WesternTradition
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Clive
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Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 1919: #BOTD: #HBD! J. D.
Salinger, American soldier and author, best known for his 1951
novel The Catcher In The Rye (d. January 27, 2010) is #born Jerome
David Salinger in Manhattan, New York City. Salinger published
several short stories in Story magazine in 1940, before serving in
World War II. In 1948, his critically acclaimed story "A
Perfect Day for Bananafish" appeared in The New Yorker, which
published much of his later work. The Catcher In The Rye (1951)
was an immediate popular success; Salinger's depiction of
adolescent alienation and loss of innocence was influential,
especially among adolescent readers.[4] The novel was widely read
and controversial,[a] and its success led to public attention and
scrutiny. Salinger became reclusive, publishing less frequently.
He followed Catcher with a short story collection, Nine Stories
(1953); Franny and Zooey (1961), a volume containing a novella and
a short story; and a volume containing two novellas, Raise High
the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction (1963).
Salinger's last published work, the novella Hapworth 16, 1924,
appeared in The New Yorker on June 19, 1965. Afterward, Salinger
struggled with unwanted attention, including a legal battle in the
1980s with biographer Ian Hamilton and the release in the late
1990s of memoirs written by two people close to him: his former
lover Joyce Maynard and his daughter Margaret Salinger. J. D.
Salinger died from natural causes at his home in New Hampshire on
January 27, 2010. He was 91. His literary representative told The
New York Times that Salinger had broken his hip in May 2009, but
that "his health had been excellent until a rather sudden
decline after the new year." His third wife and widow,
Colleen O'Neill Zakrzeski Salinger, and his son Matt became the
executors of his estate. Several shootings have been associated
with Salinger's novel The Catcher In The Rye, including Robert
John Bardo's murder of Rebecca Schaeffer and John Hinckley Jr.'s
assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan. Additionally, after
fatally shooting John Lennon, Mark David Chapman was arrested with
a copy of the book that he had purchased that same day, inside of
which he had written: "To Holden Caulfield, From Holden
Caulfield, This is my statement". On Sale @ 15% Off Discount
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Macbeth
(1981) Lincoln Center Theater Company DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1005: Macbeth,
(Medieval Gaelic: Mac Bethad mac Findlaich; Modern Gaelic:
MacBheatha mac Fhionnlaigh; nicknamed Ri Deircc, "the Red
King" (b. c. 1005), titled King of Alba during his life, King
Of Scots from 1040 until his death who ruled over only a portion
of present-day Scotland, the historical basis of Shakespeare's
play Macbeth (d. August 15, 1057) is #born; little is known about
Macbeth's early life, although he was the son of Findlaech of
Moray and may have been a grandson of Malcolm II. He became
Mormaer of Moray - a semi-autonomous lordship - in 1032, and was
probably responsible for the death of the previous mormaer, Gille
Coemgain. He subsequently married Gille Coemgain's widow, Gruoch,
although they had no children together. In 1040, Duncan I launched
an attack into Moray and was killed in action by Macbeth's troops.
Macbeth succeeded him as King of Alba and thereby Kind of Scots,
apparently with little opposition. His 17-year reign was mostly
peaceful, although in 1054 he was faced with an English invasion,
led by Siward, Earl of Northumbria, on behalf of Edward the
Confessor. Macbeth was killed at the Battle of Lumphanan in 1057
by forces loyal to the future Malcolm III, King of Scots from 1058
to 1093. He is buried on Iona, the traditional resting place of
Scottish kings. Macbeth was initially succeeded by his stepson
Lulach, but Lulach ruled for only a few months before also being
killed by Malcolm III, whose descendants would rule Scotland until
the late 13th century. Macbeth is today best known as the main
character of William Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth and the many
works it has inspired. However, Shakespeare's Macbeth is based on
the Holinshed's Chronicles, also known as Holinshed's Chronicles
of England, Scotland, and Ireland, a collaborative work published
in several volumes and two editions that was a large,
comprehensive description of British history, despite its being
historically inaccurate. The Chronicles are a source of interest
to many because of their extensive links to Shakespeare's plays.
King Macbeth died when he was killed at the Battle of Lumphanan by
the forces of Mael Coluim mac Donnchada. He is buried at St.
Oran's Chapel Cemetery-The Reilig Ourain on The Isle Of Iona,
Argyll and Bute, Scotland. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: A Question
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Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, c. 488/90: Titian,
Italian Renaissance painter, the most important artist of
Renaissance Venetian painting, one of the most versatile of
Italian painters, equally adept with portraits, landscape
backgrounds, and mythological and religious subjects, whose
painting methods, particularly in the application and use of
colour, exerted a profound influence not only on painters of the
late Italian Renaissance, but on future generations of Western
artists (d. August 27, 1576) is #born Tiziano Vecellio (Latinized
as Titianus, known in English as Titian) in Pieve di Cadore, near
Belluno in the extreme north east of Italy. When he was an old man
he claimed in a letter to Philip II of Spain to have been born in
1474, but this seems most unlikely. Other writers contemporary to
his old age give figures that would equate to birth dates between
1473 and after 1482. Although his age at death being 99 was still
accepted into the 20th century, most modern scholars believe a
birth date between 1488 and 1490 is likeliest. His career was
successful from the start, and he became sought after by patrons,
initially from Venice and its possessions, then joined by the
north Italian princes, and finally the Habsburgs and the papacy.
Along with Giorgione, he is considered a founder of the Venetian
school of Italian Renaissance painting. In 1590, the painter and
art theorist Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo described Titian as "the
sun amidst small stars not only among the Italians but all the
painters of the world". During his long life, Titian's
artistic manner changed drastically, but he retained a lifelong
interest in colour. Although his mature works may not contain the
vivid, luminous tints of his early pieces, they are remarkable and
original in their loose brushwork and subtlety of tone. Titian
died of plague while the disease raged in Venice. Given the modern
scholarly consensus that he was born between 1488 and 1490, he
would have been at least eighty-six years old, and no more than
ninety. Although in 1575 he had installed his last painting, the
Pieta, which he designed specifically for his own tomb in The
Basilica Di Santa Maria Gloriosa Dei Frari in the Campo Dei Frari
at the heart of the San Polo district in Venice, it was soon
removed, and he was buried beneath the Frari's Altar Of The
Crucifix (Altare Del Crocifisso) without the painting in place;
the Franciscan friars of The Frari felt that the painting did not
respect the 'ancient devotions' to the medieval crucifix in The
Chapel Of Christ, and had returned it to him. Very shortly after
Titian's death, his son, assistant and sole heir Orazio, also died
of the plague, greatly complicating the settlement of his estate,
as he had made no will. The painting apparently remained in his
studio and eventually the painter Jacopo Palma il Giovane, who
claimed to have been a pupil in his workshop, came into its
possession and added a few small touches. After Palma's death in
1628, the church of Sant'Angelo acquired the canvas in 1631, where
it remained until the church was destroyed in the early 18th
century. The Pieta became part of the collection of The Gallerie
dell'Accademia in Venice in 1814, where it remains. A large
monument to honor Titian at his original burial site was
commissioned by the Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria in 1843. Its
completion was carried on after his abdication in 1848 by his
successor Franz Joseph through 1852.[117] Luigi Zandomeneghi, a
student of Antonio Canova, and director of the Accademia when the
commission was made, was selected to create the monument. It was
built of the finest Carrara marble across the nave from Titian's
painting Ca' Pesaro Madonna. Zandomeneghi's sons, Pietro and
Andrea, completed the project after he died. On Sale @ 15% Off
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EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Pirates 12
Part Documentary Series MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1179: #BOTD: #HBD!
Snorri Sturluson, Icelandic historian, poet, and politician,
elected twice as lawspeaker of the Icelandic parliament, the
Althing, commonly thought to have authored or compiled portions of
the Prose Edda, which is a major source for what is today known as
Norse mythology, and Heimskringla, a history of the Norse kings
that begins with legendary material in Ynglinga saga and moves
through to early medieval Scandinavian history (d. September 22,
1241) is #born in Hvammur i Dolum (commonly transliterated as
Hvamm or Hvammr) as a member of the wealthy and powerful
Sturlungar clan of the Icelandic Commonwealth. His parents were
Sturla Thordarson The Elder of Hvammur (also known as
Hvamm-Sturla) and his second wife, Gudny Bodvarsdottir. For
stylistic and methodological reasons, Snorri is often taken to be
the author of Egil's Saga, an Icelandic saga (family saga) on the
lives of the clan of Egill Skallagrimsson (Anglicised as Egill
Skallagrimsson). Snorri Sturluson died when he is he was
assassinated aged 71-72 during a seventy-man raid at Snorri's home
led by Icelandic chieftain Gissur Thorvaldsson at the behest of
King Haakon IV of Norway, with whom Snorri struggled over the
King's ambitions to rule Iceland. It is not clear that he was
given the option of surrender. This act was not popular in either
Iceland or Norway. To diminish the odium, the king insisted that
if Snorri had submitted, he would have been spared. The fact that
he could make such an argument reveals how far his influence in
Iceland had come. He is buried at Reykholtskirkja (Reykholt
Church) in Reykholt, Iceland. Haakon went on suborning the chiefs
of Iceland. In 1262, the Althing ratified union with Norway and
royal authority was instituted in Iceland. Each member swore an
oath of personal loyalty to the king, a practice which continued
as each new king came to the throne, until absolute and hereditary
monarchy was formally accepted by the Icelanders. On Sale @ 15%
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Incas
Remembered: Historical Documentary DVD, MP4, USB Stick
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, c. 1497: #BOTD: #HBD!
Atahualpa [Atawallpa (Quechua), also Atabalica, Atahuallpa,
Atabalipa (in Hispanicized spellings)], the last Inca Emperor (d.
July 26, 1533) is #born in what most chroniclers suggest the Incas
used to call the Kingdom of Quito, though other stories suggest
various other birthplaces. In accordance with his request, he was
executed by strangling with a garrote on July 26, 1533. His
clothes and some of his skin was burned, and his remains were
given a Christian burial on August 28, 1533. Atahualpa was
succeeded by his brother Tupac Huallpa, and later by another
brother, Manco Inca. After defeating his brother, Atahualpa became
very briefly the last Sapa Inca (sovereign emperor) of the Inca
Empire (Tawantinsuyu) before the Spanish conquest ended his reign.
Before the Inca Emperor Huayna Capac died in Quito in 1524
(possibly due to smallpox, a disease brought by Europeans), he had
appointed his son Ninan Cuyochi as his successor. Ninan died of
the same disease. The Cusquenian nobles named Huascar (another son
of Huayna) as Sapa Inca, and he appointed his brother Atahualpa as
governor of Quito. The Inca Civil War began in 1529 when Huascar
declared war on Atahualpa, for fear that he would try to carry out
a coup d'etat against him. Atahualpa became Inca emperor in May
1532 after he had defeated and imprisoned Huascar and massacred
any pretenders to the throne. The Spaniard Francisco Pizarro
captured Atahualpa in November 1532 and used him to control the
Inca Empire. While imprisoned by the Spaniards, Atahualpa gave
orders to kill Huascar in Jauja, thinking Huascar would use the
Spaniards as allies to regain his throne. Atahualpa died when he
was executed by the Spanish, effectively ending the empire. He was
buried on August 29, 1533; the exact location of Atahualpa's grave
is unknown, but there is a consensus of opinion that it is at
Malqui-Machay in Ecuador. After several months in fear of an
imminent attack from the Inca Resistance general Ruminahui, the
outnumbered Spanish considered Atahualpa to be too much of a
liability and decided to execute him. Pizarro staged a mock trial
and found Atahualpa guilty of revolting against the Spanish,
practicing idolatry, and murdering his brother Huascar. Atahualpa
was sentenced to death by burning at the stake. He was horrified,
since the Inca believed that the soul would not be able to go on
to the afterlife if the body were burned. Friar Vincente de
Valverde, who had earlier offered his breviary to Atahualpa,
intervened, telling Atahualpa that, if he agreed to convert to
Catholicism, the friar could convince Pizarro to commute the
sentence. Atahualpa agreed to be baptized into the Catholic faith.
He was given the name Francisco Atahualpa in honor of Francisco
Pizarro. On the morning of his death, Atahualpa was interrogated
by his Spanish captors about his birthplace. Atahualpa declared
that his birthplace was in what the Incas called the Kingdom of
Quito, in a place called Caranqui (today located 2 km southeast of
Ibarra, Ecuador). A succession of emperors, who led the Inca
resistance against the invading Spaniards, claimed the title of
Sapa Inca as rulers of the Neo-Inca State, but the empire began to
disintegrate after Atahualpa's death. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Revelation: The History Of Christianity DVD, Video Download, USB
Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1181 or 1182: #BOTD:
#HBD! Francis of Assisii, venerated as Saint Francis Of Assisi,
also known in his ministry as Francesco, Italian Catholic friar,
deacon, philosopher, mystic, and preacher (d. October 3, 1126) is
#born in Assisi, Umbria, Italy as Giovanni di Pietro di
Bernardone. He renounced his family's wealth, took a vow of
poverty and founded the Order Of Friars Minor, also known as the
Franciscan Order. He founded the men's Order of Friars Minor, the
women's Order of Saint Clare, the Third Order of Saint Francis and
the Custody of the Holy Land. Francis is one of the most venerated
religious figures in Christianity. Pope Gregory IX canonized
Francis on July 16, 1228. Along with Saint Catherine of Siena, he
was designated patron saint of Italy. He later became associated
with patronage of animals and the natural environment, and it
became customary for churches to hold ceremonies blessing animals
on or near his feast day of October 4. In 1219, he went to Egypt
in an attempt to convert the Sultan to put an end to the conflict
of the Crusades. By this point, the Franciscan Order had grown to
such an extent that its primitive organizational structure was no
longer sufficient. He returned to Italy to organize the Order.
Once his community was authorized by the Pope, he withdrew
increasingly from external affairs. Francis is also known for his
love of the Eucharist. In 1223, Francis arranged for the first
Christmas live nativity scene. According to Christian tradition,
in 1224 he received the stigmata during the apparition of Seraphic
angels in a religious ecstasy, which would make him the second
person in Christian tradition after St. Paul (Galatians 6:17) to
bear the wounds of Christ's Passion. Francis Of Assis died by
choice aged 24 or 25 in the humble hut the Franciscan Movement
begain in, next to the Porziuncola, a small Catholic church now
located inside the grand Papal Basilica of Saint Mary of the
Angels in Assisi, during the evening hours while listening to a
reading he had requested of Psalm 142 (Psalm 141 in different
numbering systems, "Voce Mea Ad Dominum" (Latin: "To
The Lord"), which he sang along with: ========= "I cry
aloud to the Lord; I lift up my voice to the Lord for mercy. I
pour out before him my complaint; before him I tell my trouble.
When my spirit grows faint within me, it is you who watch over my
way. In the path where I walk people have hidden a snare for me."
========= The Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi, which enshrines
the remains of the Saint, stands upon a hill that in the early
1200s was commonly known as the "Colle dell'Inferno"
[Hill of Hell]. This was probably because it was a place where
death sentences were carried out. It also functioned as a kind of
city dump. Francis died in the Portiuncula church in the evening
of October 3, 1226. His body was immediately brought within the
walls of the City of Assisi and was buried in the Chapel of San
Giorgio, which later became part of the Basilica of St. Clare and
is known today as the Chapel of the Crucifix. During the spring of
1227, the Colle dell'Inferno was donated to Pope Gregory IX. The
pope ordered a basilica to be built there to house the body of St.
Francis. Work began in the summer of 1227 and by the end of May,
1230 Francis' body was solemnly transferred to the new basilica
and placed below the main altar. The pope proclaimed the new
Basilica as the "Caput et Mater" [Head and Mother] of
the entire Order of Friars Minor. The architectural planning was
entrusted to Brother Elias of Cortona, a companion of St. Francis
and the Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor. Brother
Elias ordered the construction of a lower basilica, intended as a
crypt, and an upper basilica, in Gothic style, for large
celebrations. The upper basilica was erected immediately after the
lower basilica. Great artists were called to fresco the walls of
this complex, such as Cimabue, Giotto, Simone Martini, and Pietro
Lorenzetti. They painted stories from the life of Christ and
characters from the Old Testament as well as images of St. Francis
and other saints. On the vaults above the main altar of the lower
basilica, painted by Giotto, we find the Glory of St. Francis
depicted along with allegories of the religious vows of poverty,
chastity and obedience. The side walls of the upper basilica
feature twenty-eight large frescoes showing scenes from the life
of St. Francis. These are attributed to Giotto and his
collaborators. In the post-Napoleonic era, excavations were made
to determine the exact burial place of St. Francis and conduct a
recognition of his body. Thus, the crypt was built, which was
later reworked in the neo-Romanesque style we see today. Since
then, the millions of pilgrims, tourists and devotees who visit
Assisi every year are given close access to the tomb of the
Seraphic Father St. Francis. His tomb is surrounded by the tombs
of four of his closest friars: Leo, Masseo, Angelo and Rufino.
Also nearby is the tomb of "Friar" Jacopa, the noble
Roman woman and Franciscan tertiary who was very close to Francis.
Pope St. John XXIII, Pope St. John Paul II, Pope Benedict XVI and
Pope Francis made several pilgrimages to the tomb of St. Francis,
in particular, to ask for the gift of peace, in communion with men
and women from other Christian communities and from different
faiths. Pope Francis specifically chose October 3, 2020, as the
day to sign Fratelli tutti, his encyclical on fraternity and
social friendship. Despite the Covid-19 pandemic, this event took
place on the altar of the crypt, at the foot of the urn that holds
the remains of St. Francis. ========= #FeastDayOfSaintFrancis
#SaintFrancis #StFrancis #SaintFrancisOfAssisi #StFrancisOfAssisi
#Franciscans #Stigmatists #OrderOfFriarsMinor #FranciscanOrder
#OrderOfSaintClare #CustodyOfTheHolyLand #Saints #PatronSaints
#GoodMen #SeraphicOrder #Catholicism #RomanCatholicism
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Steve
Allen TV Shows MegaSet DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 1900: #BOTD: #HBD! Xavier
Cugat, nicknamed "The Rumba King", Spanish-American
violinist, singer, songwriter, arranger, bandleader, actor,
restaurateur and caricature artist who was a leading figure in the
spread of Latin music in the United States (d. October 27, 1990)
is #born with the Catalan name Francesc d'Assis Xavier Cugat
Mingall de Bru i Deulofeu, or, more simply in standard form with
his mother's name last, Xavier Cugat i Mingall, in Girona,
Catalonia, Spain. Je spent his formative years in Havana, Cuba,
before arriving in New York City in 1915. He was the leader of the
resident orchestra at the Waldorf-Astoria hotel from 1933 to 1949
and a prolific recording artist for 40 years. Beginning in the
1940s, Cugat owned and operated the Mexican restaurant "Casa
Cugat" on La Cienega Boulevard in West Hollywood. The
restaurant was frequented by Hollywood celebrities and featured
two singing guitarists who would visit each table and play diners'
favorite songs upon request. The restaurant closed in 1986. In
1958, Cugat opened another Casa Cugat restaurant in New York City,
featuring Spanish, Cuban, and Mexican cuisine, but the restaurant
lasted only a year. Cugat was married four times. His first
marriage was to his band vocalist Carmen Castillo (1929-46), his
second to actress Lorraine Allen (1947-52), his third to singer
Abbe Lane (1952-64), and his fourth to Spanish guitarist and comic
actress Charo Baeza, stage name Charo, (1966-78). Cugat fathered
no children. After a stroke left him partially paralyzed in 1969,
Cugat returned to Catalonia in 1972, living in a suite at the Ritz
Barcelona hotel; the hotel has been known since 2005 as the El
Palace Barcelona hotel, and it maintains a "Cugat Room".
Despite ongoing heart and lung ailments, at age 86 he formed a new
16-piece band and began touring Spain. He died of heart failure on
October 27, 1990 at age 90 at the Quiron Clinic in Barcelona,
Spain. He was buried at Girona Cemetery in his native Girona. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Know Your
Enemy: Japan WWII Frank Capra + The Samurai MP4 Download DVD
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1123: #BOTD: #HBD:
Minamoto No Yoshitomo, harma name Shojo Juin, head of the Minamoto
clan and a general of the late Heian period of Japanese history,
whose son Minamoto No Yoritomo became shogun and founded the
Kamakura shogunate, the first shogunate in the history of Japan,
beginning a 700-year epoch of rule over Japan by shogunatge (d.
February 11, 1159) is #born at an unrecorded location. With the
outbreak in 1156 of the Hogen Rebellion, a short civil war fought
in order to resolve a dispute about Japanese Imperial succession,
the members of the Minamoto and Taira samurai clans were called
into the conflict. Yoshitomo and Taira no Kiyomori both threw
their support behind Emperor Go-Shirakawa and Fujiwara no
Tadamichi, while Yoshitomo's father, Minamoto No Tameyoshi, sided
with the retired Emperor Sutoku and Fujiwara no Yorinaga.
Yoshitomo, defeating his father and the forces of Sutoku and
Yorinaga, became head of the Minamoto clan and established himself
as the main political power in the capital of Kyoto. However,
despite attempts to have his father pardoned, Tameyoshi was
executed. In the aftermath of the rebellion, the Taira and
Minamoto became two of the strongest and most influential clans in
Japan, which turned the two clans into bitter rivals. In the first
months of 1160 while Taira no Kiyomori was absent from the capital
of Kyoto, Yoshitomo and Fujiwara no Nobuyori placed Go-Shirakawa
under house arrest and killed his retainers, including the scholar
Fujiwara no Michinori, in what is called the Heiji rebellion. The
civil war wasn't to go on for very long as Kiyomori declared his
support for the Emperor and rapidly defeated the rebel forces
within the span of a month. While making his escape from Kyoto,
Yoshitomo was forced to sacrifice his son Tomonaga to buy time.
Even so, Yoshitomo was eventually betrayed and murdered while
taking a bath. Three of his surviving sons, Yoritomo, Yoshitsune
and Noriyori, were spared execution and exiled by the victorious
Kiyomori. However, Yoshitomo's allies Yoshihira and Nobuyori were
both executed. His grave in Aichi Prefecture is surrounded on all
sides by wooden swords (bokuto), as by legend his last words were
"If only I'd had a bokuto...". Yoshitomo fathered five
sons in total. His two sons, Yoshihira and Tomonaga, lost their
lives following the Minamoto Clan's defeat in the Heiji Rebellion
in 1160. At the time of the outbreak of the Genpei War in 1180,
Minamoto No Yoritomo was his eldest surviving son. His other two
surviving sons were Minamoto No Noriyori and Minamoto No
Yoshitsune. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Know Your
Enemy: Japan WWII Frank Capra + The Samurai MP4 Download DVD
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1159: #BOTD: #HBD:
Minamoto No Yoshitsune, one of the greatest and the most popular
warriors of his era, and one of the most famous samurai in the
history of Japan, whose mistress the beautiful and gifted Lady
Shizuka Gozen was a shirabyoshi (court dancer) and one of the most
famous women in Japanese history and literature, commander of the
Minamoto clan of Japan in the late Heian and early Kamakura
periods, ninth son of Minamoto No Yoshitomo, third and final son
and child that Yoshitomo fathered with Lady Tokiwa Gozen, younger
half-brother of Minamoto No Yoritomo who would go on to establish
the Kamakura shogunate, celebrated as a tragic hero, whose
dramatic end drew great sympathy from the public, giving rise to
the term hoganbiiki (sympathy for the underdog, from one of
Yoshitsune's titles, Hogan), as well as numerous legends and
stories. (d. June 15, 1189) is #born with the childhood name of
Ushiwakamaru as the ninth son of Minamoto no Yoshitomo of the
Kawachi Genji clan in Heian-kyo, Heian Japan. Due to his father's
defeat and death in the Heiji Rebellion, he was entrusted to
Kurama-dera temple. He later traveled down to Hiraizumi, where he
received the protection of Fujiwara no Hidehira, the head of the
Oshu Fujiwara clan. When his brother Yoritomo raised an army to
overthrow the Taira clan (the Jisho-Juei War), Yoshitsune rushed
to join him. He became the greatest contributor to the Minamoto
victory, destroying the Taira clan through the battles of
Ichi-no-Tani, Yashima, and Dan-no-ura. Although Yoritomo and
Yoshitsune initially had a close relationship, described as being
like "father and son," Yoshitsune incurred Yoritomo's
wrath by accepting court titles without permission and acting
independently during the war against the Taira. When Yoshitsune
showed signs of seeking his own independence in response, he came
into conflict with Yoritomo and was declared an enemy of the
court. After an order for his capture was issued nationwide, he
fled and once again sought refuge with Fujiwara no Hidehira.
Minamoto No Yoshitsune died after being betrayed by the son of a
trusted ally, resulting in his becoming famous as a tragic hero.
His death date is commemorated as National Foundation Day (Japan)
(Kenkoku Kinen No Hi). Following the Genpei War, Yoshitsune was
appointed as Governor of Iyo and awarded other titles by
cloistered emperor Go-Shirakawa. His suspicious brother Yoritomo,
however, opposed the presentation of these titles, and nullified
them. Yoshitsune then secured imperial authorization to ally with
his uncle Minamoto No Yukiie in opposing Yoritomo. Incurring
Yoritomo's wrath, Yoshitsune fled Kyoto in 1185. His faithful
mistress, Shizuka Gozen, carrying his unborn child, fled with him
at first, but then was left behind, and soon taken into custody by
Hojo Tokimasa and forces loyal to Yoritomo. Yoshitsune eventually
made his way to Hiraizumi, Mutsu, once again to the protection of
Fujiwara No Hidehira, and lived undisturbed for a time. Hidehira's
son Fujiwara No Yasuhira had promised upon Hidehira's death to
honor his father's wishes and continue to shelter Yoshitsune, but,
giving in to pressure from Yoritomo, betrayed Yoshitsune,
surrounding his Koromogawa-No-Tachi residence with his troops,
defeating Yoshitsune's retainers, including the famed and feared
warrior monk Benkei. As Yoshitsune retired to the inner keep of
the castle to commit honorable ritual suicide (seppuku) on his
own, Benkei stood guard on the bridge in front of the main gate to
protect Yoshitsune. It is said that the soldiers were afraid to
cross the bridge to confront him, and that all who did met a swift
death at the hands of the gigantic man, who killed in excess of
300 trained soldiers. Realizing that close combat would mean
suicide, the warriors following Minamoto No Yoritomo decided to
shoot and kill Benkei with arrows instead. Long after the battle
should have been over, the soldiers noticed that the
arrow-riddled, wound-covered Benkei was still standing. When the
soldiers dared to cross the bridge and take a closer look, the
heroic warrior fell to the ground, having died standing upright,
aged 34. This is known as "The Standing Death Of Benkei"
(Japanese: Benkei No Tachi Ojo). Atago-Do, now called Benkei-Do,
features a statue of Benkei six feet two inches in height in the
posture he stood in when he died at Koromogawa. It was built in
the era of Shotoku (1711-1716), replacing an older monument. In
olden times the Benkei-Do was at the foot of Chusonji hill until
it was demolished. The ruins and a single pine tree still remain.
After Yoshitsune commited seppuku. Yasuhira then had Yoshitsune's
head preserved in sake, placed in a black-lacquered chest, and
sent to Yoritomo as proof of his death. Historical sources differ
as to the fate of Yoshitsune's mistress Shizuka and their son.
Yoshitsune is enshrined in the Shirahata Jinja, a Shinto shrine in
the city of Fujisawa. According to legend, Lady Shizuka Gozen was
thereafter forced to dance for the new Shogun Yoritomo at
Tsurugaoka Hachiman-Gu; however, she sang songs of her longing for
Yoshitsune there, which angered Yoritomo, and it was only
Yoritomo's wife, Hojo Masako, was was sympathetic to Lady Gozen,
who was able assuage Yoritomo's anger. The Kamakura Matsuri, held
in Kamakura City in Japan's Kanagawa Prefecture, recreates the
tradition Shizuka Gozen dance every April. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Sutton
Hoo Ship Burial Archaeology Artifacts Peoples DVD MP4 USB
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, c. 599 / Death Date
Unknown, c. 624: #BOTD: #HBD: #DOTD #RIP: Raedwald (Old English:
Raedwald, pronounced RAHD-wald, 'Power In Counsel'), also written
as Raedwald or Redwald (Latin: Raedwaldus, Reduald), also known as
Raedwald Of East Anglia, king of East Anglia, an Anglo-Saxon
kingdom which included the present-day English counties of Norfolk
and Suffolk, considered by many experts to be the occupant of the
ship-burial at Sutton Hoo, Suffolk, is #born the son of Tytila of
East Anglia and a member of the Wuffingas Dynasty (named after his
grandfather, Wuffa), who were the first kings of the East Angles.
Details about Raedwald's reign are scarce, primarily because the
Viking invasions of the 9th century destroyed the monasteries in
East Anglia where many documents would have been kept. Raedwald
reigned from about 599 until his death around 624, initially under
the overlordship of AEthelberht of Kent. In 616, as a result of
fighting the Battle of the River Idle and defeating AEthelfrith of
Northumbria, he was able to install Edwin, who was acquiescent to
his authority, as the new king of Northumbria. During the battle,
both AEthelfrith and Raedwald's son, Raegenhere, were killed. From
around 616 Raedwald was the most powerful of the English kings
south of the Humber estuary. According to Bede, he was the fourth
ruler to hold imperium over other southern Anglo-Saxon kingdoms:
he was referred to in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, written centuries
after his death, as a bretwalda (an Old English term meaning
'Britain-ruler' or 'wide-ruler'). He was the first king of the
East Angles to become a Christian, converting at AEthelberht's
court some time before 605, while also maintaining a pagan temple.
He helped Christianity to survive in East Anglia during the
apostasy of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Essex and Kent. Historians
consider him the most likely occupant of the Sutton Hoo
ship-burial, although other theories have been advanced. A smaller
ship-burial was also discovered in 1998 close to the original
Sutton Hoo site, which is thought to have contained the body of
his son Raegenhere, who died in battle in 616. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Dispelling
Witches: What Witchcraft Is + Salem Witch Trials MP4 DVD
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, c. 1632: #BOTD: #HBD!
Bridget Bishop, the first person to go to trial in the Salem witch
trials in Salem, Massachusetts (d. June 10, 1692) is #born Bridget
Magnus in Norwich, England. She ran two taverns alongside her
husband Edward Bishop, one of the founders of the First Church of
Beverly. She was 44 at the time of the trials. The Salem Witch
Trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people
accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February
1692 and May 1693. The trials resulted in the executions of twenty
people, fourteen of them women, and all but one by hanging. Five
others (including two infant children) died in prison. The episode
is one of Colonial America's most notorious cases of mass
hysteria. The Crucible is a 1953 play by American playwright
Arthur Miller, written as an allegory for McCarthyism, comparing
McCarthyism to a witch-hunt, when the United States government
persecuted people accused of being communists. Bridget Bishop dies
aged c. 60 when she was hanged at Gallows Hill near Salem,
Massachusetts, the first woman to die from hanging in the
Massachusetts colony, convicted for "certaine Detestable Arts
called Witchcraft & Sorceries". She was exonerated on
October 31 (Halloween) 2001. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The World:
A Television History Documentary Series DVD, Download, USB
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 45 BC: Chronology: Calendars:
The Julian Calendar: -- The Julian Calendar, proposed by Roman
consul Julius Caesar, takes effect as the civil calendar of the
Roman Empire, establishing January 1 as the new date of the new
year. The Julian Calendar was a reform of the Roman calendar,
designed with the aid of Greek mathematicians and astronomers such
as Sosigenes of Alexandria. The calendar became the predominant
calendar in the Roman Empire and subsequently most of the Western
world for more than 1,600 years until 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII
promulgated a minor modification to reduce the average length of
the year from 365.25 days to 365.2425 days and thus corrected the
Julian calendar's drift against the solar year. Worldwide adoption
of this revised calendar, which became known as the Gregorian
calendar, took place over the subsequent centuries, first in
Catholic countries and subsequently in Protestant countries of the
Western Christian world. The Julian calendar is still used in
parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts of Oriental
Orthodoxy as well as by the Berbers. The Julian calendar has two
types of years: a normal year of 365 days and a leap year of 366
days. They follow a simple cycle of three normal years and one
leap year, giving an average year that is 365.25 days long. That
is more than the actual solar year value of 365.24219 days (the
current value, which varies), which means the Julian calendar
gains a day every 128 years. For any given event during the years
from 1901 to 2099 inclusive, its date according to the Julian
calendar is 13 days behind its corresponding Gregorian date. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Genius
That Was China Documentary Series DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1371 / Deathdate
Unknown, 1433 (aged 61-62) or 1435 (aged 63-64): #BOTD: #HBD! /
#DOTD: #RIP: Zheng He, also romanized Cheng Ho, Chinese admiral,
explorer, diplomat, and bureaucrat during the early Ming dynasty
(1368-1644), regarded the greatest admiral in Chinese history,
leader of the seven Ming Treasure Voyages, was born Ma He in China
into a Muslim family in Kunyang, Kunming, Yunnan, then under the
rule of the Principality of Liang loyal to the Northern Yuan
dynasty. He later adopted the surname Zheng conferred onto him by
the Emperor Chengzu Of Ming, known as The Yongle Emperor
(1360-1424, Reigned 1402-1424). Between 1405 and 1433, Zheng
commanded seven treasure voyages across Asia under the commission
of the Yongle Emperor and the succeeding Xuande Emperor
(r.?1425-1435). According to legend, Zheng's largest ships were
almost twice as long as any wooden ship ever recorded, and carried
hundreds of sailors on four decks. A favorite of the Yongle
Emperor, whom Zheng assisted in the Jingnan campaign that
overthrew the previous Jianwen Emperor in 1402, Zheng He rose to
the top of the Ming imperial hierarchy and served as commander of
the southern capital Nanjing. On July 11, 1405, Ming Admiral Zheng
set sail to explore the world on the first of the expeditionary
Ming Treasure Voyages, seven far-reaching ocean treasure voyages
to Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, and East Africa in and
around the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean, and beyond from 1405
to 1433 by the treasure fleet of the Ming Dynasty of China,
officially The Great Ming, who ruled China from 1368 to 1644
following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The
construction of the treasure fleet was ordered in 1403 by The
Yongle Emperor (personal name: Zhu Di (Chinese), Chu Ti
(Wade-Giles), the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from
1402 to 1424. The Yongle Emperor commissioned Admiral Zheng He,
Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court
eunuch, often regarded as the greatest admiral in Chinese History,
to lead the first expedition; ultimately he was commissioned by
the Yongle Emperor and later the Xuande Emperor to lead all seven
of the expeditionary treasure voyages. Over the course of these
voyages, Ming China became the pre-eminent naval power by
projecting its sea power further to the south and west. There is
still much debate regarding issues such as the actual purpose of
the voyages, the size of the ships, the magnitude of the fleet,
the routes taken, the nautical charts employed, the countries
visited, and the cargo carried. According to legend, his ships
stretched 120 meters or more in length, almost twice as long as
any wooden ship ever recorded, and carried hundreds of sailors on
four decks. Six of the Ming Treasure Voyages occurred during the
Yongle reign (r. 1402-24), while the seventh voyage occurred
during the Xuande reign (r. 1425-1435). The first three voyages
reached up to Calicut on India's Malabar Coast, while the fourth
voyage went as far as Hormuz in the Persian Gulf. In the last
three voyages, the fleet traveled up to the Arabian Peninsula and
East Africa. The Chinese expeditionary fleet was heavily
militarized and carried great amounts of treasures, which served
to project Chinese power and wealth to the known world. They
brought back many foreign ambassadors whose kings and rulers were
willing to declare themselves tributaries of China. During the
course of the voyages, they destroyed Chen Zuyi's pirate fleet at
Palembang, captured the Sinhalese Kotte kingdom of King
Alekeshvara, and defeated the forces of the Semudera pretender
Sekandar in northern Sumatra. The Chinese maritime exploits
brought many foreign countries into the nation's tributary system
and sphere of influence through both military and political
supremacy, thus incorporating the states into the greater Chinese
world order under Ming suzerainty. Moreover, the Chinese
restructured and established control over an expansive maritime
network in which the region became integrated and its countries
became interconnected on an economic and political level. The Ming
treasure voyages were commanded and overseen by the eunuch
establishment whose political influence was heavily dependent on
imperial favor. Within Ming China's imperial state system, the
civil officials were the primary political opponents of the
eunuchs and the opposing faction against the expeditions. Near the
end of the maritime voyages, the civil government gained the upper
hand within the state bureaucracy, while the eunuchs gradually
fell out of favor after the death of the Yongle Emperor and lost
the authority to conduct these large-scale endeavors. The collapse
of the expeditions was further brought about by authorities and
elites who had economic interests antagonistic to the central
state control of commerce, since the state-sponsored maritime
enterprise had been key to counterbalancing localized private
trade. Had these expeditions continued, the Age of Exploration
would have been vanguarded by China, and not Europe. One theory is
that Admiral Zheng He died in 1433, during or shortly after his
seventh voyage. Another is that Zheng He continued to serve as the
defender of Nanjing, and died in 1435. A tomb was built for Zheng
He at the southern slope of Cattle Head Hill, Nanjing. The
original tomb was a horseshoe-shaped grave. It is a cenotaph
believed to contain his clothes and headgear. In 1985, the tomb
was rebuilt following a Muslim style. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Legacy
With Michael Wood World History TV Series DVD, MP4, USB Stick
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, c. 570: #HBD:
Muhammad, Arab religious, social, and political leader and the
founder of the world religion of Islam (d. June 8, 632) is #born
Muhammad ibn Abdullah in Mecca, Hejaz, western Saudi Arabia..
According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet, divinely inspired
to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Abraham,
Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is believed to be the final
prophet of God in all the main branches of Islam, though the
modern Ahmadiyya movement diverges from this belief. Muhammad
united Arabia into a single Muslim polity, with the Quran as well
as his teachings and practices forming the basis of Islamic
religious belief. Muhammad was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd
al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father Abdullah was the son
of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, and he died a
few months before Muhammad's birth. His mother Amina died when he
was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care
of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu
Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a
mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was
40, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and
receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started
preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God
is One", that complete "submission" (islam) to God
is the right way of life (din), and that he was a prophet and
messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.
Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced
hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing
persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615,
before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then
known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijra, marks the
beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri
Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the
Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of
intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an
army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca.
The conquest went largely uncontested and Muhammad seized the city
with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from
the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his
death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam. The
revelations (each known as Ayah - literally, "Sign [of God]")
that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses
of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of
God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran,
Muhammad's teachings and practices (sunnah), found in the Hadith
and sira (biography) literature, are also upheld and used as
sources of sharia (Islamic law). Muhammad died on a Monday aged of
62 or 63 in the house of his wife Aisha in Medina, Hejaz, Arabia
(modern Saudi Arabia) having suffered for several days with fever,
head pain, and weakness. With his head resting on Aisha's lap, he
asked her to dispose of his last worldly goods (seven coins), then
spoke his final words: "O Allah, exalted Friend"
(highest Friend or the uppermost, highest Friend in heaven). His
body is buried in the Sacred Chamber of the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi
Mosque known as The Prophet's Mosque at Al-Haram, Al-Medinah
42311, Al-Hejaz, Saudi Arabia. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: In Search
Of Genghis Khan + 2 Bonus Titles DVD MP4 Download USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1162: #BOTD: Genghis
Khan (Chinggis Khaan), Mongolian emperor, founder and first Great
Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous
empire in history after his death (d. August 25, 1227) was born
Temujin Borjigin in the Khentii Mountains of Khamag Mongol. He
came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast
Asia. After founding the Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis
Khan", he launched the Mongol invasions that conquered most
of Eurasia. Campaigns initiated in his lifetime include those
against the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, and Khwarazmian, Western Xia
and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by
large-scale massacres of the civilian populations - especially in
the Khwarazmian and Western Xia controlled lands. By the end of
his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of
Central Asia and China. Before Genghis Khan died he assigned
Ogedei Khan as his successor. Later his grandsons split his empire
into khanates. Genghis Khan died in 1227 after defeating the
Western Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in
Mongolia. His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most
of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states in all of
modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and
substantial portions of Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia. Many of
these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of
local populations. As a result, Genghis Khan and his empire have a
fearsome reputation in local histories. Beyond his military
accomplishments, Genghis Khan also advanced the Mongol Empire in
other ways. He decreed the adoption of the Uyghur script as the
Mongol Empire's writing system. He also practiced meritocracy and
encouraged religious tolerance in the Mongol Empire, and unified
the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. Present-day Mongolians
regard him as the founding father of Mongolia. Although known for
the brutality of his campaigns and considered by many to have been
a genocidal ruler, Genghis Khan is also credited with bringing the
Silk Road under one cohesive political environment. This brought
communication and trade from Northeast Asia into Muslim Southwest
Asia and Christian Europe, thus expanding the horizons of all
three cultural areas. Genghis Khan died of uncertain causes while
leading the Siege Of Lingwu in southern China against the Western
Xia emperor Xiangzong. Genghis Khan suffered complicatoins from a
fall from his horse while hunting the prior winter; Rashid al-Din
and the Yuan Shi mention he suffered from an illness - possibly
malaria, typhus, or bubonic plague. Marco Polo attests that he was
shot by an arrow during a siege, while Carpini reports that
Genghis was struck by lightning. Legends sprang up around the
event, the most famous recounts how the beautiful Gurbelchin,
formerly wife of the Xia emperor, castrated Genghis with a
concealed dagger during sexual intercourse. Whatever the cause of
his death, the complications of his fall from his horse slowed the
siege's progress, as his sons and commanders urged him to end the
campaign and return to Mongolia to recover, arguing that the
urban-bound Xia would still be there another year. Incensed by
insults from Xia's leading commander, Genghis insisted that the
siege be continued, and it was while leading this siege that he
died. His death was kept a closely guarded secret, and the Western
Xia capital city of Zhongxing, unaware of his death, fell the
following month. The city was put to the sword and its population
was treated with extreme savagery; the Xia civilisation was
essentially extinguished in what Man described as "very
successful ethnocide". After his death, Genghis was
transported back to Mongolia and buried on or near the sacred
Burkhan Khaldun peak in the Khentii Mountains, on a site he had
personally chosen years before. Specific details of the funeral
procession and burial were not made public knowledge; the
mountain, declared ikh khorig (lit. "Great Taboo"; i.e.
prohibited zone), was off-limits to all but its Uriankhai guard.
When Ogedei acceded to the throne in 1229, the grave was honoured
with three days of offerings and the sacrifice of thirty maidens.
Ratchnevsky theorises that the Mongols, who had no knowledge of
embalming techniques, may have buried the khan in the Ordos to
avoid his body decomposing in the summer heat; Atwood emphatically
rejects this hypothesis. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Adventures Of Marco Polo Radio Series CD, MP3 Download, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1254: #BOTD: Marco
Polo, Italian merchant, explorer, and writer (d. January 8-9,
1324) is #born in Venice, capital of the Venetian Republic. His
travels are recorded in Livres des merveilles du monde (Book of
the Marvels of the World, also known as The Travels of Marco Polo,
c. 1300), a book that described to Europeans the wealth and great
size of China, its capital Peking, and other Asian cities and
countries. He learned the mercantile trade from his father and his
uncle, Niccolo and Maffeo, who travelled through Asia and met
Kublai Khan. In 1269, they returned to Venice to meet Marco for
the first time. The three of them embarked on an epic journey to
Asia, returning after 24 years to find Venice at war with Genoa;
Marco was imprisoned and dictated his stories to a cellmate. He
was released in 1299, became a wealthy merchant, married, and had
three children. Marco Polo was not the first European to reach
China, but he was the first to leave a detailed chronicle of his
experience. This book inspired Christopher Columbus and many other
travellers. There is a substantial literature based on Polo's
writings; he also influenced European cartography, leading to the
introduction of the Fra Mauro map, a map of the world made around
1450 by the Italian cartographer Fra Mauro, which is considered
the greatest memorial of medieval cartography. Marco Polo died in
the Republic of Venice aged 69; due to the Venetian law stating
that the day ends at sunset, the exact date of Marco Polo's death
cannot be determined, but according to some scholars it was
between the sunsets of January 8 and January 9, 1324. He is buried
in the church of San Lorenzo in Venice. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Secret
Of The Templars Series + Bonus Title MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1240-1250: Jacques de Molay, the 23rd and final Grand Master of the Knights Templar, who having insisted on his innocence, and having retracted his confession of heresy given under torture, died when he is burned alive at the stake in Paris after being declared guilty of being a relapsed heretic (d. March 18, 1314) is #born into a family of minor or middle-ranking nobility, as most Templar knights were, probably in Molay, Haute-Saone, in the County Of Burgundy in eastern France, at the time a territory ruled by Otto III as part of the Holy Roman Empire, and in modern times in the area of Franche-Comte, northeastern France. The elderly Grand Master Jacques de Molay reportedly remained defiant to the end, asking to be tied in such a way that he could face the Notre Dame Cathedral and hold his hands together in prayer. According to legend, he called out from the flames that both Pope Clement and King Philip would soon meet him before God. His actual words were recorded on the parchment as follows: "Dieu sait qui a tort et a peche. Il va bientot arriver malheur a ceux qui nous ont condamnes a mort" ("God knows who is wrong and has sinned. Soon a calamity will occur to those who have condemned us to death"). Pope Clement died only a month later, and King Philip died in a hunting accident before the end of the year. The remaining Templars around Europe were either arrested and tried under the Papal investigation (with virtually none convicted), absorbed into other Catholic military orders, or pensioned off and allowed to live out their days peacefully. At dawn on Friday the 13th of October 13, 1307 (Friday The 13th), King Philip IV of France ("Philip The Fair") ordered the Grand Master of the Knights Templar Jacques de Molay and hundreds of other French Templars to be simultaneously arrested by Philip's agents, to be later tortured into a "confession" of heresy. The arrest warrant started with the phrase: "Dieu n'est pas content, nous avons des ennemis de la foi dans le Royaume" ["God is not pleased. We have enemies of the faith in the kingdom"]. Claims were made that during Templar admissions ceremonies, recruits were forced to spit on the Cross, deny Christ, and engage in indecent kissing; brethren were also accused of worshipping idols, and the order was said to have encouraged homosexual practices. These allegations, though, were highly politicised without any real evidence.] Still, the Templars were charged with numerous other offences such as financial corruption, fraud, and secrecy. Many of the accused confessed to these charges under torture (even though the Templars denied being tortured in their written confessions), and their confessions, even though obtained under duress, caused a scandal in Paris. The prisoners were coerced to confess that they had spat on the Cross: "Moi, Raymond de La Fere, 21 ans, reconnais que [j'ai] crache trois fois sur la Croix, mais de bouche et pas de coeur" ["I, Raymond de La Fere, 21 years old, admit that I have spat three times on the Cross, but only from my mouth and not from my heart"]. The Templars were accused of idolatry and were suspected of worshiping either a figure known as Baphomet or a mummified severed head they recovered, amongst other artifacts, at their original headquarters on the Temple Mount that many scholars theorize might have been that of John the Baptist, among other things. These persecutions orginated from events spring from letters sent in 1305 to both the Templar Grand Master Jacques de Molay and the Hospitaller Grand Master Fulk de Villaret from the new Pope Clement V to discuss the possibility of merging the two orders. Born Raymond Bertrand de Got, Clement V became pope after Philip IV bullied a deadlocked conclave into electing him, and was himself bullied by Philip into moving the Papacy from Rome to Avignon, ushering in the period known as the Avignon Papacy, referred to as the "Babylonian captivity of the Papacy".) Neither de Molay nor de Villaret were amenable to Clement V's idea, but the Pope persisted, and in 1306 he invited both Grand Masters to France to discuss the matter. De Molay arrived first in early 1307, but de Villaret was delayed for several months. While waiting, De Molay and Clement discussed criminal charges that had been made two years earlier by an ousted Templar and were being discussed by King Philip IV of France and his ministers. It was generally agreed that the charges were false, but Clement sent the king a written request for assistance in the investigation. According to some historians, King Philip, who was already deeply in debt to the Templars from his war against England, decided to seize upon the rumours for his own purposes. He began pressuring the church to take action against the order, as a way of freeing himself from his debts. Relenting to Philip's demands, Pope Clement then issued the papal bull Pastoralis praeeminentiae on November 22, 1307, which instructed all Christian monarchs in Europe to arrest all Templars and seize their assets. Pope Clement called for papal hearings to determine the Templars' guilt or innocence, and once freed of the Inquisitors' torture, many Templars recanted their confessions. Some had sufficient legal experience to defend themselves in the trials, but in 1310, having appointed the archbishop of Sens, Philippe de Marigny, to lead the investigation, Philip blocked this attempt, using the previously forced confessions to have dozens of Templars burned at the stake in Paris. With Philip threatening military action unless the pope complied with his wishes, Pope Clement finally agreed to disband the order, citing the public scandal that had been generated by the confessions. At the Council of Vienne in 1312, he issued a series of papal bulls, including Vox in excelso, which officially dissolved the order, and Ad providam, which turned over most Templar assets to the Hospitallers. As for the leaders of the order, the elderly Grand Master Jacques de Molay, who had confessed under torture, retracted his confession. Geoffroi de Charney, Preceptor of Normandy, also retracted his confession and insisted on his innocence. Both men were declared guilty of being relapsed heretics, and they were sentenced to burn alive at the stake in Paris on March 18, 1314. The elderly Grand Master Jacques de Molay died defiant to the end, asking to be tied in such a way that he could face the Notre Dame Cathedral and hold his hands together in prayer. According to legend, he called out from the flames that both Pope Clement and King Philip would soon meet him before God. His actual words were recorded on the parchment as follows: "Dieu sait qui a tort et a peche. Il va bientot arriver malheur a ceux qui nous ont condamnes a mort" ("God knows who is wrong and has sinned. Soon a calamity will occur to those who have condemned us to death"). Pope Clement died only a month later, and King Philip died in a hunting accident before the end of the year. The remaining Templars around Europe were either arrested and tried under the Papal investigation (with virtually none convicted), absorbed into other Catholic military orders, or pensioned off and allowed to live out their days peacefully. The final disposition of de Molay's ashes are unknown. By papal decree, the property of the Templars was transferred to the Knights Hospitaller except in the Kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal. Portugal was the first country in Europe where they had settled, occurring only two or three years after the order's foundation in Jerusalem and even having presence during Portugal's conception. The Portuguese king, Denis I, refused to pursue and persecute the former knights, as had occurred in all other sovereign states under the influence of the Catholic Church. Under his protection, Templar organizations simply changed their name, from "Knights Templar" to the reconstituted Order of Christ and also a parallel Supreme Order of Christ of the Holy See; both are considered successors to the Knights Templar. In September 2001, a document known as the Chinon Parchment, dated August 17-20 1308, written in this midst of this scandal, was discovered in the Vatican Secret Archives by Barbara Frale, apparently after having been filed in the wrong place in 1628. It is a record of the trial of the Templars and shows that Clement absolved the Templars of all heresies in 1308 before formally disbanding the order in 1312, as did another Chinon Parchment dated August 20, 1308 addressed to Philip IV of France, also mentioning that all Templars that had confessed to heresy were "restored to the Sacraments and to the unity of the Church". This other Chinon Parchment has been well known to historians, having been published by Etienne Baluze in 1693 and by Pierre Dupuy in 1751. The current position of the Roman Catholic Church is that the medieval persecution of the Knights Templar was unjust, that nothing was inherently wrong with the order or its rule, and that Pope Clement was pressed into his actions by the magnitude of the public scandal and by the dominating influence of King Philip IV, who was Clement's relative. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/seofteseboti.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Secret
Of The Templars Series + Bonus Title MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown [January or February], 1548: #BOTD: #HBD! Giordano Bruno, Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, scientist, mathematician, poet, astrologer, cosmological theorist, Hermetic occultist and ceremonial magician, possible member or associate of The Priory Of Sion (d. February 17, 1600) is #born Filippo Bruno in January or February of 1548. Giordano Bruno is known for his cosmological theories, which conceptually extended the then-novel Copernican model. He proposed that the stars were distant suns surrounded by their own planets, and he raised the possibility that these planets might foster life of their own, a philosophical position known as cosmic pluralism. He also insisted that the universe is infinite and could have no "centre". Starting in 1593, Bruno was tried for heresy by the Roman Inquisition on charges of denial of several core Catholic doctrines, including eternal damnation, the Trinity, the divinity of Christ, the virginity of Mary, and transubstantiation. Bruno's pantheism was also a matter of grave concern, as was his teaching of the transmigration of the soul/reincarnation. After his death, he gained considerable fame, being particularly celebrated by 19th and early 20th-century commentators who regarded him as a martyr for science, although historians agree that his heresy trial was not a response to his astronomical views but rather a response to his philosophical and religious views. Bruno's case is still considered a landmark in the history of free thought and the emerging sciences. In addition to cosmology, Bruno also wrote extensively on the art of memory, a loosely organised group of mnemonic techniques and principles. Historian Frances Yates argues that Bruno was deeply influenced by Arab astrology (particularly the philosophy of Averroes), Neoplatonism, Renaissance Hermeticism, and Genesis-like legends surrounding the Egyptian god Thoth. Other studies of Bruno have focused on his qualitative approach to mathematics and his application of the spatial concepts of geometry to language. Giordano Bruno died when he is burned alive on Ash Wednesday at Campo de' Fiori in Rome, having been found guilty of heresy by the Roman Inquisition; on his way to his execution, he had a stake put through his tongue to prevent him continuing to speak. In 1889, Ettore Ferrari dedicated a monument to him on the exact spot of his death: He stands defiantly facing the Vatican and was regarded in the first days of a reunited Italy as a martyr to freedom of thought. The inscription on the base reads: A BRUNO - IL SECOLO DA LUI DIVINATO - QUI DOVE IL ROGO ARSE ("To Bruno - the century predicted by him - here where the fire burned"). The body of theologian and scientist Marco Antonio de Dominis was also burned in this square in 1624. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/seofteseboti.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Appointment With Destiny: Cortez and Montezuma + Aztec Bonus MP4
DVD
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown: #BOTD: #HBD: Aztec
King Cuauhtemoc, also known as Cuauhtemotzin, Guatimozin or
Guatemoc, was the Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan from 1520 to 1521,
making him the last Aztec Emperor (d. February 28, 1525) is #born;
his birth details are unkown. He was a cousin of the late emperor
Moctezuma II. His young wife, who was later known as Isabel
Moctezuma, was one of Moctezuma's daughters. He ascended to the
throne when he was around 25 years old, while Tenochtitlan was
being besieged by the Spanish and devastated by an epidemic of
smallpox brought to the New World by the invaders. After the
killings in the Great Temple, there were probably few Aztec
captains available to take the position. In 1525, Cortes took
Cuauhtemoc and several other indigenous nobles on his expedition
to Honduras, as he feared that Cuauhtemoc could have led an
insurrection in his absence. While the expedition was stopped in
the Chontal Maya capital of Itzamkanac, Cortes had Cuauhtemoc
executed for allegedly conspiring to kill him and the other
Spaniards. Cuauhtemoc died by execution on the order of
conquistador Hernan Cortes. The modern-day town of Ixcateopan in
the state of Guerrero is home to a depository for the bones of the
dead purportedly containing Cuauhtemoc's remains. On Sale @ 15%
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The OSS In
WWII Frank Race & Cloak And Dagger Radio MP3, CD, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 1883: #BOTD: #HBD! Wild Bill
Donovan, widely known as Wild Bill Donovan, American soldier,
lawyer, intelligence officer and diplomat, regarded as the
founding father of the CIA, for which a statue of him stands in
the lobby of the CIA headquarters building in Langley, Virginia,
decorated veteran of World War I, believed to be the only person
to have been awarded all four of the prestigious decorations 1)
the Medal of Honor, 2) the Distinguished Service Cross, 3) the
Distinguished Service Medal, and 4) the National Security Medal,
recipient of the Silver Star and Purple Heart, as well as
decorations from a number of other nations for his service during
both World Wars, best known for serving during World War II as the
head of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the precursor to
the Bureau of Intelligence and Research, and the Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA) (b. January 1, 1883) (d. February 8,
1959) is #born William Joseph Donovan in Buffalo, New York, to
Anna Letitia "Tish" Donovan (nee Lennon; same family
name as John Lennon, English singer, songwriter, musician and
founder of The Beatles) and Timothy P. Donovan, both American-born
children of Irish immigrants. William Joseph Donovan KBE (Knight
Commander Of The Most Excellent Order Of The British Empire)
founded the white-shoe law firm Donovan, Leisure, Newton &
Irvine in 1929 (a white-shoe firm is a term used to describe
prestigious professional services firms that have been
traditionally associated with the upper-class elite who graduated
from Ivy League colleges, most often used to describe leading
old-line law firms and Wall Street financial institutions, and
accounting firms that are over a century old); it was dissolved in
1998. His home in Chapel Hill near Berryville, Virginia was listed
on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. William J.
Donovan died at the age of 76 from complications of vascular
dementia at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C.
Donovan had begun experiencing symptoms of dementia while in
Thailand, and he was hospitalized in 1957. While in the hospital,
he "imagined he saw the Red Army coming over the 59th Street
bridge, into Manhattan, and in one memorable last mission, fled
the hospital, wandering down the street in his pajamas."
Shortly before his death, he was visited by Eisenhower, who later
told a friend that Donovan was "the last hero". Upon
learning of his death, the CIA sent a cable to its station chiefs:
"The man more responsible than any other for the existence of
the Central Intelligence Agency has passed away." He is
buried in Section 2 of Arlington National Cemetery. After his
death, Donovan was awarded the Freedom Award of the International
Rescue Committee, founded in 1933 at the request of Albert
Einstein. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Story
Of Civilization: Will & Ariel Durant DVD, MP3 Download, USB
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 450 BC/ Deathdate
unknown, 404 BC: #BOTD: #DOTD: Alcibiades, Athenian statesman and
general, the last of the wealthy and powerful noble family of
ancient Athens known as The Alcmaeonidae, strategic advisor,
military commander, and politician who played a major role in the
second half of the Peloponnesian War, but subsequently fell from
prominence, having changed his political allegiance several times
during the course of the war, an anomolous mixture of both
greatness and baseness, is born in Athens. The family of his
father, Cleinias, had old connections with the Spartan aristocracy
through a relationship of xenia, and the name "Alcibiades"
was of Spartan origin. Alcibiades' mother was Deinomache, the
daughter of Megacles, head of the powerful Alcmaeonid family, and
could trace her family back to Eurysaces and the Telamonian Ajax.
Alcibiades thereby, through his mother, belonged to the powerful
and controversial family of the Alcmaeonidae; the renowned
Pericles and his brother Ariphron were Deinomache's cousins, as
her father and their mother were siblings. His paternal
grandfather, also named Alcibiades, was a friend of Cleisthenes,
the famous constitutional reformer of the late sixth century BC.
After the death of Cleinias at the Battle of Coronea (447 BC),
Pericles and Ariphron became his guardians. According to Plutarch,
Alcibiades had several famous teachers, including Socrates, and
was well trained in the art of rhetoric. He was noted, however,
for his unruly behavior, which was mentioned by ancient Greek and
Latin writers on several occasions. It was believed that Socrates
took Alcibiades as a student because he believed he could change
Alcibiades from his vain ways. Xenophon attempted to clear
Socrates's name at trial by relaying information that Alcibiades
was always corrupt and that Socrates merely failed in attempting
to teach him morality. In his native Athens in the early 410s BC,
he advocated an aggressive foreign policy and was a prominent
proponent of the Sicilian Expedition. After his political enemies
brought charges of sacrilege against him, he fled to Sparta, where
he served as a strategic adviser, proposing or supervising several
major campaigns against Athens. However, Alcibiades made powerful
enemies in Sparta too, and defected to Persia. There he served as
an adviser to the satrap Tissaphernes until Athenian political
allies brought about his recall. He served as an Athenian general
(strategos) for several years, but enemies eventually succeeded in
exiling him a second time. Scholars have argued that had the
Sicilian expedition been under Alcibiades's command instead of
that of Nicias, the expedition might not have met its eventual
disastrous fate.[1] In the years when he served Sparta, Alcibiades
played a significant role in Athens's undoing; the capture of
Decelea and the revolts of several critical Athenian subjects
occurred either at his suggestion or under his supervision. Once
restored to his native city, however, he played a crucial role in
a string of Athenian victories that eventually brought Sparta to
seek a peace with Athens. He favored unconventional tactics,
frequently winning cities over by treachery or negotiation rather
than by siege. Alcibiades's military and political talents
frequently proved valuable to whichever state currently held his
allegiance, but his propensity for making powerful enemies ensured
that he never remained in one place for long; and, by the end of
the war that he had helped to rekindle in the early 410s, his days
of political relevance were a bygone memory. Much about the
circumstances of Alcibiades's death is uncertain, as there are
conflicting accounts. According to the oldest of these, the
Spartans and specifically Lysander were responsible. Though many
of his details cannot be independently corroborated, Plutarch's
version is that Lysander sent an envoy to Pharnabazus who then
dispatched his brother to Phrygia where Alcibiades was living with
his mistress, Timandra, a local teenage beauty. Another account
says it was Timandra's father and brother who killed him for
dishonoring her by taking her virginity. Whatever the cause, he
#dies as he was about to set out for the Persian court in 404 BC,
his residence was surrounded and set on fire. Seeing no chance of
escape he rushed out on his assassins, dagger in hand, and was
killed by a shower of arrows. According to Aristotle, the site of
Alcibiades's death was Elaphus, a mountain in Phrygia. On Sale @
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Greek
Fire: Ancient Greece In Today's World TV Series DVD, MP4, USB
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown/Deathdate Unknown, 5th
century BC: #BOTD: #HBD! #DOTD: #RIP: Polykleitos, an ancient
Greek sculptor in bronze of the 5th century BCE, who alongside the
Athenian sculptors Pheidias, Myron and Praxiteles is considered to
be one of the most important sculptors of classical antiquity, is
#born in either Sicyon, an ancient Greek city state situated in
the northern Peloponnesus between Corinth and Achaea on the
territory of the present-day regional unit of Corinthia or Argos,
namesake of The Argonauts, a city and former municipality in
Argolis, Peloponnese, Greece and one of the oldest continuously
inhabited cities in the world and one of the oldest in Europe.The
4th century BCE catalogue attributed to Xenocrates (the
"Xenocratic catalogue"), which was Pliny's guide in
matters of art, ranked him between Pheidias and Myron. He is
particularly known for his lost treatise (a canon of body
proportions), the Canon of Polykleitos, setting out his
mathematical basis of an idealised male body shape. None of his
original sculptures are known to survive, but there are many of
what are believed to be later copies in marble, mostly Roman. His
death and burial details are unknown. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Seven
Wonders Of The Ancient World MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 480/Deathdate unknown,
430 BC: #BOTD: #HBD! #DOTD: #RIP: Phidias (Pheidias, Pheidias),
Greek sculptor, painter, and architect whose Statue Of Zeus at
Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World,
designer of the statues of the goddess Athena on the Athenian
Acropolis, namely the Athena Parthenos inside the Parthenon, and
the Athena Promachos, a colossal bronze which stood between it and
the Propylaea, a monumental gateway that served as the entrance to
the Acropolis in Athens, is #born in Athens, the son of Charmides
Of Athens. Of Phidias's life, little is known apart from his
works; although no original works exist that can be attributed to
him with certainty, numerous Roman copies of varying degrees of
fidelity are known to exist. The ancients believed that his
masters were Hegias Of Athens and Ageladas (Hagelaedas). Plutarch
discusses Phidias' friendship with the Greek statesman Pericles,
recording that enemies of Pericles tried to attack him through
Phidias - who was accused of stealing gold intended for the
Parthenon's statue of Athena, and of impiously portraying himself
and Pericles on the shield of the statue. The historical value of
this account, as well as the legend about accusations against the
'Periclean circle', is debatable, but Aristophanes mentions an
incident with Phidias around that time. Phidias is often credited
as the main instigator of the Classical Greek sculptural design.
Today, most critics and historians consider him one of the
greatest of all ancient Greek sculptors. According to Plutarch,
Phidias was made an object of attack by the political enemies of
Pericles. His workman Menon is said to have been at least
partially responsible for his downfall: Plutarch states that Menon
sat in the marketplace begging for protection in exchange for
bringing charges against Phidias. He was subsequently provided
with safety by the state and exempted from public duties.
Accordingly, Phidias was imprisoned and died in prison at Athens.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Roman
Legions Documentary Set MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, AD 56 / Deathdate
Unknown, AD 120: #BOTD: #HBD! #DOTD: #RIP: Tacitus, Roman
historian and politician, widely regarded as one of the greatest
Roman historians by modern scholars, is born Publius Cornelius
Tacitus into an equestrian family; the place and date of his
birth, as well as his praenomen (first name) are not known.
Details about the personal life of Tacitus are scarce. What little
is known comes from scattered hints throughout his work, the
letters of his friend and admirer Pliny the Younger, and an
inscription found at Mylasa (Milas) in Caria, a region of western
Anatolia (modern Turkey). The surviving portions of his two major
works - the Annals (Latin: Annales) and the Histories (Latin:
Historiae) - examine the reigns of the emperors Tiberius,
Claudius, Nero, and those who reigned in the Year of the Four
Emperors (69_AD: Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasia,
respectively). These two works span the history of the Roman
Empire from the death of Augustus (14_AD) to the death of Domitian
(96_AD), although there are substantial lacunae (gaps, in a
manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or musical work) in the
surviving texts. Tacitus's other writings discuss oratory (in
dialogue format, see Dialogus de oratoribus), Germania (in De
origine et situ Germanorum), and the life of his father-in-law,
Agricola (the general responsible for much of the Roman conquest
of Britain), mainly focusing on his campaign in Britannia (De vita
et moribus Iulii Agricolae). Tacitus's Annals are of interest for
providing an early account of the persecution of Christians and
the earliest extra-Biblical reference to the crucifixion of Jesus.
Tacitus #dies aged approx. 64; his death and burial details are
not known. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Western Tradition TV Series DVD, MP4 Video Download, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, c. 1565: #BOTD: #HBD!
Henry Hudson, English sea explorer and navigator during the early
17th century, best known for his explorations of present-day
Canada and parts of the northeastern United States (disappeared
June 23, 1611) is #born, probably in London, England. Virtually
nothing of Hudson's early life is known for certain; his year of
birth is variously estimated between 1560 and 1570, and it is
possible that his father was an alderman of London. When Hudson
first entered the historical record in 1607, he was already an
experienced mariner with sufficient credentials to be commissioned
the leader of an expedition charged with a search for a trade
route across the North Pole. In 1607 and 1608, Hudson made two
attempts on behalf of English merchants to find a rumoured
Northeast Passage to Cathay via a route above the Arctic Circle.
In 1609, he landed in North America on behalf of the Dutch East
India Company and explored the region around the modern New York
metropolitan area. Looking for a Northwest Passage to Asia on his
ship Halve Maen ("Half Moon"), he sailed up the Hudson
River, which was later named after him, and thereby laid the
foundation for Dutch colonization of the region. His contributions
to the exploration of the New World were significant and lasting.
His voyages helped to establish European contact with the native
peoples of North America and contributed to the development of
trade and commerce. On his final expedition, while still searching
for the Northwest Passage, Hudson became the first European to see
Hudson Strait and the immense Hudson Bay. In 1611, after wintering
on the shore of James Bay, Hudson wanted to press on to the west,
but most of his crew mutinied. The mutineers cast Hudson, his son,
and six others adrift; the Hudsons and their companions were never
seen again. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Aviation
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Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 1874: #BOTD: #HBD! Gustave
Whitehead, German-American aviation pioneer, pilot and engineer,
quite possibly responsible for history's first powered flight
aboard his Number 21 aircraft on August 14, 1901 (d. October 10,
1927) is #born Gustav Albin Weisskopf in Leutershausen, Kingdom of
Bavaria. Gustave Albin Whitehead emigrated from Germany to the
United States where he designed and built gliders, flying machines
and engines between 1897 and 1915. Controversy surrounds published
accounts and Whitehead's own claims that he flew a powered machine
successfully several times in 1901 and 1902, predating the first
flights by the Wright Brothers in 1903. Much of Whitehead's
reputation rests on a newspaper article which was written as an
eyewitness report and described a powered and sustained flight by
Whitehead in Connecticut on 14 August 1901. Over a hundred
newspapers in the U.S. and around the world soon repeated
information from the article. Several local newspapers also
reported on this and other flight experiments that Whitehead
purportedly made in 1901 and subsequent years. Whitehead's
aircraft designs and experiments were described or mentioned in
contemporary Scientific American magazine articles and a 1904 book
about industrial progress. His public profile faded after about
1915 and he died in relative obscurity in 1927. In the 1930s a
magazine article and book asserted that Whitehead had made powered
flights in 1901-1902. The book included statements from people who
said they had seen various Whitehead flights decades earlier. The
book and article triggered debate among scholars, researchers,
aviation enthusiasts and Orville Wright whether Whitehead was
first in powered flight. Mainstream historians dismissed the
Whitehead flight claims. Further independent research, including
books in 1966, 1978 and 2015, supported the claims. No photograph
showing Whitehead making a powered controlled flight is known to
exist, although reports in the early 1900s said such photos were
publicly displayed. Researchers have studied and attempted to copy
Whitehead aircraft. Since the 1980s, enthusiasts in the U.S. and
Germany have built and flown versions of Whitehead's "Number
21" machine using modern engines and propellers. Gustave
Whitehead died of a heart attack at his Bridgeport, Connecticut
home aged 53 after attempting to lift an engine out of a car he
was repairing. He stumbled onto his front porch, then collapsed
dead in his house. He is buried in Lakeview Cemetery in
Bridgeport; he was originally buried in a pauper's grave, with
only number "42" attached, but was given a large
headstone in 1964 with a fitting description concerning his flight
claims and recognition as "CT's Father of Aviation". On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: A Very
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Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 907: #BOTD: #HBD!
Wenceslaus I, also known Vaclav the Good or Saint Wenceslaus,
patron saint of both Prague and Bohemia, Czechia (modern Czech
Republic), Duke Of Bohemia, subject of John Mason Neale's and
Thomas Helmore's 1853 Christmas carol "Good King Wenceslas"
(d. September 28, 935 [possibly 929]) is #born in Prague.
Wenceslaus I died aged 27 or 28 in Stara Boleslav, Bohemia. He is
buried in Saint Vitus Cathedral in Prague. There is a debate on
whether his death was an accident or an assassination. His younger
brother, Boleslaus the Cruel, is commonly considered by the Czech
public and the Roman Catholic Church as the perpetrator of and
assassination of Wenceslaus. However, according to some historians
(e. g. Dusan Trestik or Martin Wihoda), his death was the result
of a quarrel between the two brothers or their parties (probably
after a night of drinking). Boleslaus' men then killed Wenceslaus
in the subsequent chaotic fight. His martyrdom and the popularity
of several biographies gave rise to a reputation for heroic virtue
that resulted in his elevation to sainthood. He was posthumously
declared to be a king and came to be seen as the patron saint of
the Czech state. He is the subject of the well-known "Good
King Wenceslas", a carol for Saint Stephen's Day. On Sale @
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EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Daley: The
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Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, before 1750: #BOTD: #HBD! Jean Baptiste Pointe DuSable (also spelled Point De Sable, Point Au Sable, Point Sable, Pointe DuSable, or Pointe Du Sable), Black Haitian American frontier trader, fur trapper, farmer and businessman known as "The Father Of Chicago" and "The Founder Of Chicago", regarded as the first permanent non-native settler of what would later become Chicago, Illinois, recognized as the city's founder (d. August 28, 1818) is #born; he was of African descent, but little else is known of his early life prior to the 1770s. There are no records of Point du Sable's life prior to the 1770s. Though it is known from sources during his life that he was of African descent, his birth date, place of birth, and parents are unknown. Juliette Kinzie, another early pioneer of Chicago, never met Point du Sable but said in her 1856 memoir that he was "a native of St. Domingo" (the island of Hispaniola). This became generally accepted as his place of birth. Historian Milo Milton Quaife regarded Kinzie's account of Point du Sable as "largely fictitious and wholly unauthenticated", later putting forward a theory that he was of African and French-Canadian origin. A historical novel published in 1953 helped to popularize the claim that Point du Sable was born in 1745 in Saint-Marc in Saint-Domingue (later known as Haiti). If he was born outside continental North America, there are competing accounts as to whether he entered as a trader or from the north through French Canada, or from the south through French Louisiana. During his career, the areas where he settled and traded around the Great Lakes and in the Illinois Country changed hands several times between France, Britain, Spain and the United States. Described as handsome and well educated, Point du Sable married a Potawatomi Native American woman, Kitihawa, and they had two children. In 1779, during the American Revolutionary War, he was arrested by the British on suspicion of being an American Patriot sympathizer. In the early 1780s he worked for the British lieutenant-governor of Michilimackinac on an estate at what is now St. Clair, Michigan. Point du Sable is first recorded as living at the mouth of the Chicago River in a trader's journal of early 1790. By then he had established an extensive and prosperous trading settlement in what later became the City of Chicago. On May 7, 1800, Jean Baptiste Pointe DuSable sold all his Chicago property, where he settled near the mouth of the Chicago River around the 1780s, a site now memorialized as a National Historic Landmark located in what is now Pioneer Court, for 1.2K USD. He then returned to Peoria, Illinois, and moved to the port of St. Charles, where he was licensed to run a ferry across the Missouri River. Jean Baptiste Pointe DuSable died almost penniless, and is buried in an unmarked grave in St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery in St. Charles, Missouri. His entry in the parish burial register does not mention his origins, parents, or relatives; it simply describes him as negre (French for negro). The St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery was moved twice in the 19th century. Oral tradition and records of the Archdiocese of St. Louis suggested that Point du Sable's remains were also moved. On October 12, 1968, the Illinois Sesquicentennial Commission erected a granite marker at the site believed to be Point du Sable's grave in the third St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery. In 2002 an archaeological investigation of the grave site was initiated by the African Scientific Research Institute at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Researchers using a combination of ground-penetrating radar, surveys, and excavation of a 9-by-9-foot (2.7 m _ 2.7 m) area did not find any evidence of any burials at the supposed grave site, leading the archaeologists to conclude that Point du Sable's remains may not have been reinterred from one of the two previous cemeteries. Pointe du Sable's successful role in developing the Chicago River settlement was little recognized until the mid-20th century. In 20th and 21st century Chicago, a school, museum, harbor, park, bridge, and road have been named in du Sable's honor. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/dalabochmari.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Black
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Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1864: #BOTD: #HBD!
George Washington Carver, the most prominent black scientist of
the early 20th century, known as "Black Leonardo (da Vinci)",
American agricultural scientist, Tuskegee Institute professor,
environmentalist and inventor who promoted alternative crops to
cotton and methods to prevent soil depletion (d. January 5, 1943)
is #born into slavery in Diamond Grove (now Diamond), Newton
County, Missouri, near Crystal Place, sometime in the mid-1860s.
On June 18, 1941, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science
degree by the University of Rochester. While at the Tuskegee
Institute (now Tuskegee University) in Tuskegee, Alabama, Carver
developed techniques to improve soils depleted by repeated
plantings of cotton. He wanted poor farmers to grow other crops,
such as peanuts and sweet potatoes, as a source of their own food
and to improve their quality of life. The most popular of his 44
practical bulletins for farmers contained 105 food recipes using
peanuts. Although he spent years developing and promoting numerous
products made from peanuts, none became commercially successful.
Apart from his work to improve the lives of farmers, Carver was
also a leader in promoting environmentalism. He received numerous
honors for his work, including the Spingarn Medal of the NAACP. In
an era of high racial polarization, his fame reached beyond the
black community. He was widely recognized and praised in the white
community for his many achievements and talents. In 1941, Time
magazine dubbed Carver a "Black Leonardo". George
Washington Carver died at the age of 79 from anemia that resulted
from a bad fall he had taking down a flight of stairs in his home;
he was found unconscious by a maid who took him to a hospital. He
is buried next to Booker T. Washington at Tuskegee University. Due
to his frugality, Carver's life savings totaled 60K USD, all of
which he donated in his last years and at his death to the Carver
Museum and to the George Washington Carver Foundation. On his
grave it is written, "He could have added fortune to fame,
but caring for neither, he found happiness and honor in being
helpful to the world." On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
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Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1267: #BOTD: #HBD!
Giotto, Italian painter and architect during the Late Middle Ages,
designer of the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua and Giotto's Campanile
(bell tower) of the Florence Cathedral (d. January 8, 1337) is
#born Giotto di Bondone in Florence, Republic Of Florence
(present-day Italian Republic). Latinised as Giottus, Giotto
worked during the Gothic/Proto-Renaissance period. Giotto's
contemporary, the banker and chronicler Giovanni Villani, wrote
that Giotto was "the most sovereign master of painting in his
time, who drew all his figures and their postures according to
nature" and of his publicly recognized "talent and
excellence". Giorgio Vasari described Giotto as making a
decisive break with the prevalent Byzantine style and as
initiating "the great art of painting as we know it today,
introducing the technique of drawing accurately from life, which
had been neglected for more than two hundred years".
Tradition holds that Giotto was born in a farmhouse, perhaps at
Colle di Romagnano or Romignano. Since 1850, a tower house in
nearby Colle Vespignano has borne a plaque claiming the honor of
his birthplace, an assertion that is commercially publicized.
However, recent research has presented documentary evidence that
he was born in Florence, the son of a blacksmith. His father's
name was Bondone. Most authors accept that Giotto was his real
name, but it is likely to have been an abbreviation of Ambrogio
(Ambrogiotto) or Angelo (Angelotto). In his Lives of the Most
Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, Vasari states that
Giotto was a shepherd boy, a merry and intelligent child who was
loved by all who knew him. The great Florentine painter Cimabue
discovered Giotto drawing pictures of his sheep on a rock. They
were so lifelike that Cimabue approached Giotto and asked if he
could take him on as an apprentice. Giotto's masterwork is the
decoration of the Scrovegni Chapel, in Padua, also known as the
Arena Chapel, which was completed around 1305. The fresco cycle
depicts the Life of the Virgin and the Life of Christ. It is
regarded as one of the supreme masterpieces of the Early
Renaissance. That Giotto painted the Arena Chapel and was chosen
by the Commune of Florence in 1334 to design the new campanile
(bell tower) of the Florence Cathedral are among the few
certainties about his life. Almost every other aspect of it is
subject to controversy: his birth date, his birthplace, his
appearance, his apprenticeship, the order in which he created his
works, whether he painted the famous frescoes in the Upper
Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi, and his burial place. Giotto
died in the Republic Of Florence aged 69-70. He is buried at The
Cathedral Of Saint Mary Of The Flower (Italian: Cattedrale di
Santa Maria del Fiore) in Florence. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Triumph Of
The West 13 Part TV Documentary Series DVD, Download, USB
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, c. 1386: #BOTD: #HBD!
Donatello, Florentine Italian painter and sculptor, is #born
Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi in the Republic Of Florence
(present-day Italian Republic). Donatello studied classical
sculpture and used this to develop a complete Renaissance style in
sculpture (d. 13 December 1466). He spent time in other cities,
and while there he worked on commissions and taught others; his
periods in Rome, Padua, and Siena introduced to other parts of
Italy his techniques, developed in the course of a long and
productive career. Financed by Cosimo De' Medici, Donatello's
David was the first freestanding nude male sculpture since
antiquity. He worked with stone, bronze, wood, clay, stucco, and
wax, and had several assistants, with four perhaps being a typical
number. Although his best-known works mostly were statues in the
round, he developed a new, very shallow, type of bas-relief for
small works, and a good deal of his output was larger
architectural reliefs. Donatello died of unknown causes in his
native Florence, aged 79-80. He is buried in the Basilica Di San
Lorenzo in Florence, Italy. When he died, the "sweet style"
that he had helped to produce decades before, dominated in the
work of Florentine sculptors; his "late style", with its
boldness of imagination and execution, probably overawed them and
seemed incomprehensible and inaccessible". Only many years
later did Verrocchio and Antonio del Pollaiuolo explore similar
expressive effects. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Walt
Disney: The Story Of Robin Hood (1956) DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1160: #BOTD: #HBD!
Robin Hood, legendary heroic outlaw originally depicted in English
folklore and subsequently featured in literature and film (d.
November 18, 1247) is #born; Joseph Ritson (October 2, 1752 -
September 23, 1803), English antiquary who was well known for his
1795 compilation of the Robin Hood legend, assembled an account of
Robin Hood's life from the various sources available to him, and
concluded that Robin Hood was born in around 1160, and thus had
been active in the reign of Richard I. He thought that Robin was
of aristocratic extraction, with at least 'some pretension' to the
title of Earl of Huntingdon, that he was born in an unlocated
Nottinghamshire village of Locksley and that his original name was
Robert Fitzooth. According to legend, Robin Hood was a highly
skilled archer and swordsman. In some versions of the legend, he
is depicted as being of noble birth, and in modern retellings he
is sometimes depicted as having fought in the Crusades before
returning to England to find his lands taken by the Sheriff. In
the oldest known versions he is instead a member of the yeoman
class. Traditionally depicted dressed in Lincoln green, he is said
to have robbed from the rich and given to the poor. Through
retellings, additions, and variations, a body of familiar
characters associated with Robin Hood has been created. These
include his lover, Maid Marian, his band of outlaws, the Merry
Men, and his chief opponent, the Sheriff of Nottingham. The
Sheriff is often depicted as assisting Prince John in usurping the
rightful but absent King Richard, to whom Robin Hood remains
loyal. His partisanship of the common people and his hostility to
the Sheriff of Nottingham are early recorded features of the
legend, but his interest in the rightfulness of the king is not,
and neither is his setting in the reign of Richard I. He became a
popular folk figure in the Late Middle Ages, and the earliest
known ballads featuring him are from the 15th century (1400s).
There have been numerous variations and adaptations of the story
over the subsequent years, and the story continues to be widely
represented in literature, film, and television. Robin Hood is
considered one of the best known tales of English folklore. The
historicity of Robin Hood is not proven and has been debated for
centuries. There are numerous references to historical figures
with similar names that have been proposed as possible evidence of
his existence, some dating back to the late 13th century. At least
eight plausible origins to the story have been mooted by
historians and folklorists, including suggestions that "Robin
Hood" was a stock alias used by or in reference to bandits.
Ritson gave the date of Robin Hood's death as November 18, 1247,
when he would have been around 87 years old. In copious and
informative notes Ritson defends every point of his version of
Robin Hood's life. In reaching his conclusion Ritson relied or
gave weight to a number of unreliable sources, such as the Robin
Hood plays of Anthony Munday and the Sloane Manuscript.
Nevertheless, Dobson and Taylor credit Ritson with having 'an
incalculable effect in promoting the still continuing quest for
the man behind the myth', and note that his work remains an
'indispensable handbook to the outlaw legend even now'. Ritson's
friend Walter Scott used Ritson's anthology collection as a source
for his picture of Robin Hood in Ivanhoe, written in 1818, which
did much to shape the modern legend. Robert Fitzooth or Fitzooth,
Earl of Huntingdon (alleged dates: 1160-1247), is a fictitious
identity for Robin Hood. The name was first published in William
Stukeley's Paleographica Britannica in 1746. By then the
association of Robin with the earldom of Huntingdon had become
conventional, thanks to Anthony Munday's 1598 play The Downfall of
Robert Earl of Huntingdon; it was also generally believed that he
had flourished in the reign of Richard I of England. In actual
history, David of Scotland was Earl of Huntingdon throughout
Richard's reign, succeeded by his son John. David did have a son
named Robert but he is believed to have died in infancy. Therefore
the Earl could not have been "Robin Hood". Stukeley's
genealogical "researches" then turned up a descendant of
Earl Waltheof, and therefore a rival claimant to the earldom,
related to the lords of Kyme, whom he named as Robert Fitzooth,
born in 1160 and dying in 1247: and he claimed that "Ooth"
or Odo had become corrupted into "Hood". This has been a
popular identification for later writers of fiction, beginning at
Pierce Egan the Younger's 1840 novel Robin Hood and Little John.
In Egan's story there were, genealogically, two Roberts, Earls of
Huntingdon between Waltheof and Robin Hood (to explain the
historical time gap); had Robin Hood actually taken possession of
the title, he would have been Robert III. The "disowning"
according to the storyline came about because of a younger son of
Waltheof and brother of Robert I, Philip Fitzooth, scheming to
take over the title, disowned his baby grandnephew under the
excuse that Robert II's marriage had not been recognized, thus
baby Robin (named in the storyline after one of Gilbert's brothers
when Gilbert adopted him) was raised as the son of Gilbert and his
wife. In Disney's The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men
(1952), Roger Lancelyn Green's 1956 novel, and the BBC's 2006-2009
Robin Hood series, the Earl of Huntingdon fell out with King John
and was forced to flee north, taking refuge in Sherwood Forest
where he spent the rest of his days. In the 1980s ITV series Robin
of Sherwood, this Robert, made older than he would historically
have been, is David's eldest son and survives to adulthood but is
disinherited when outlawed. The name "Fitzooth" was not
applied to Robin Hood by anybody before Stukeley, nor is it
otherwise known. It is now generally believed that Stukeley forged
the Fitzooth family tree and that this Robert never existed.
Medieval references to Robin Hood made him a yeoman, not a
nobleman, although when the idea of a "disowned noble"
Robin first arose in the sixteenth century, there was consensus
that Huntingdon was his earldom. At Kirklees Priory in West
Yorkshire stands an alleged grave with a spurious inscription,
which relates to Robin Hood. The ballads relate that before he
died, Robin told Little John where to bury him. He shot an arrow
from the priory window, and where the arrow landed was to be the
site of his grave. Gest states that the prioress was a relative of
Robin's. Robin was ill and staying at the priory where the
prioress was supposedly caring for him. However, she betrayed him,
his health worsened, and he eventually died there. The inscription
on the grave reads: ========= Hear underneath dis laitl stean |
Laz robert earl of Huntingtun | Ne'er arcir ver as hie sa geud |
An pipl kauld im robin heud | Sick [such] utlawz as he an iz men |
Vil england nivr si agen | Obiit 24 kal: Dekembris, 1247 |
========= Despite the unconventional spelling, the verse is in
Modern English, not the Middle English of the 13th century. The
date is also incorrectly formatted - using the Roman calendar, "24
kal Decembris" would be the 23rd day before the beginning of
December, that is, 8 November. The tomb probably dates from the
late 18th century. The grave with the inscription is within sight
of the ruins of the Kirklees Priory, behind the Three Nuns pub in
Mirfield, West Yorkshire. Though local folklore suggests that
Robin is buried in the grounds of Kirklees Priory, this theory has
now largely been abandoned by historians. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Story
Of Civilization: Will & Ariel Durant DVD, MP3 Download, USB
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 454: #BOTD: King
Theoderic The Great, often referred to as Theodoric, King Of The
Ostrogoths (475-526), ruler of Italy (493-526), regent of the
Visigoths (511-526), and patrician (patricius) of the Roman Empire
(Byzantine Empire) (d. August 30, 526) is #born in the Roman
province of Pannonia (comprising parts of modern Austria, Hungary,
Sloveniia, Croatia and Serbia) after his people had defeated the
Huns at the Battle of Nedao. His Gothic name "Theoderic",
which is reconstructed by linguists as "Thiudareiks",
translates into "people-king" or "ruler of the
people". His father was King Theodemir, a Germanic Amali
nobleman, and his mother was Ereleuva. Theodoric from the age of
ten to eighteen grew up as a hostage in Constantinople, received a
privileged education under imperial direction, and succeeded his
father as leader of the Pannonian (Illyrian) Ostrogoths in 473. He
Settled his people in lower Moesia, an ancient region and later
Roman province situated in the Balkans south of the Danube River
that included most of the territory of modern-day Central Serbia,
Kosovo and the northern parts of the modern Republic of Macedonia
(Moesia Superior), Northern Bulgaria and Romanian Dobrudja (Moesia
Inferior). While in Moesia, Theoderic came into conflict with
Thracian (currently split between Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey)
Ostrogoths led by Theodoric Strabo, a Thervingi chieftain, who was
involved in the politics of the Byzantine Empire during the reigns
of Byzantine Emperors Leo I, Zeno and Basiliscus. He was a rival
for the leadership of the Ostrogoths with his kinsman Theoderic
The Great, who would ultimately supplant him, uniting the peoples
in 484. Emperor Zeno subsequently gave him the title of Patrician,
Vir Gloriosus (Latin for "glorious man", the highest
rank available to the senatorial aristocracy of the East Roman or
Byzantine Empire in the 6th century), and the office of Magister
militum (master of the soldiers, a top-level military command used
in the later Roman Empire, dating from the reign of Constantine
The Great), and even appointed him as Roman Consul. Seeking
further gains, Theoderic frequently ravaged the provinces of the
Eastern Roman Empire, eventually threatening Constantinople
itself. In 488, Emperor Zeno ordered Theoderic to overthrow the
German Foederatus Odoacer, who had likewise been made patrician
and even King of Italy, but who had since betrayed Zeno,
supporting the rebellious Leontius. After a victorious three-year
war, Theoderic killed Odoacer with his own hands while they shared
a meal, settled his 200,000 to 250,000 people in Italy, and
founded an Ostrogothic Kingdom based in Ravenna. While he promoted
separation between the Arian (Christian) Ostrogoths and the Roman
population, Theoderic stressed the importance of racial harmony,
though intermarriage was outlawed. Seeking to restore the glory of
Ancient Rome, he ruled Italy in its most peaceful and prosperous
period since Valentinian, until his death in 526. Memories of his
reign made him a hero of German legend as Dietrich Von Bern.
Theoderic died of dysentery at Ravenna, Italy, where he is buried
at The Chiesa Di Santa Maria Rotonda; his daughter Amalasuntha
took power as regent for her 10-year-old son Athalaric. On Sale @
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Attila The
Hun 2 Part Documentary Series DVD MP4 Video Download
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 434: #BOTD: Attila,
frequently called Attila The Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from
434 until his death (d. March X, 453) is #born; his birth details
are not known. He was also the leader of a tribal empire
consisting of Huns, Ostrogoths, Alans and Bulgars, among others,
in Central and Eastern Europe. He is also considered one of the
most powerful rulers in world history. During his reign, he was
one of the most feared enemies of the Western and Eastern Roman
Empires. He crossed the Danube twice and plundered the Balkans,
but was unable to take Constantinople. His unsuccessful campaign
in Persia was followed in 441 by an invasion of the Eastern Roman
(Byzantine) Empire, the success of which emboldened Attila to
invade the West. He also attempted to conquer Roman Gaul (modern
France), crossing the Rhine in 451 and marching as far as
Aurelianum (Orleans) before being stopped in the Battle of the
Catalaunian Plains. He subsequently invaded Italy, devastating the
northern provinces, but was unable to take Rome. He planned for
further campaigns against the Romans, but died aged 46-47 under
mysterious circumstances. The conventional account of his death by
contemporary historian Priscus of Panium says that Attila died
after the feast celebrating his marriage to a beautiful young
Gothic or Ostrogoth woman named Ildico when Attila suffered a
severe nosebleed and choked to death in a stupor: "He had
given himself up to excessive joy at his wedding, and as he lay on
his back, heavy with wine and sleep, a rush of superfluous blood,
which would ordinarily have flowed from his nose, streamed in
deadly course down his throat and killed him, since it was
hindered in the usual passages. Thus did drunkenness put a
disgraceful end to a king renowned in war. On the following day,
when a great part of the morning was spent, the royal attendants
suspected some ill and, after a great uproar, broke in the doors.
There they found the death of Attila accomplished by an effusion
of blood, without any wound, and the girl with downcast face
weeping beneath her veil." Another account of his death was
first recorded 80 years after the events by Roman chronicler
Marcellinus Comes. It reports that "Attila, King of the Huns
and ravager of the provinces of Europe, was pierced by the hand
and blade of his wife". In Germanic heroic legends, Ildico
corresponds to Gudrun/Kriemhild, and in the Norse versions she
deliberately killed Attila, in revenge for the death of her
kinsmen. The tomb of Attila The Hun has never been found and it is
unclear where exactly it is. After Attila's death, his close
adviser, Ardaric of the Gepids, led a Germanic revolt against
Hunnic rule, after which the Hunnic Empire quickly collapsed.
Attila would live on as a character in Germanic heroic legend such
as the Nibelungenlied, the Eddas and the Sagas. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Abraham
Lincoln Documentaries Set MP4 Video Download Or DVD
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 1863: The American Civil War
(The Civil War, The War Between The States): Slavery In The United
States: The End Of Slavery In The United States: The Emancipation
Proclamation (Proclamation 95): -- The Emancipation Proclamation
by President Abraham Lincoln that freed the slaves in the states
rebelling against the Union takes effect. On September 22, 1862,
President Lincoln signed and issued the presidential proclamation,
an executive order freeing the slaves in territories held by
Confederates as of January 1, 1863, on a preliminary basis,
publicly warning that he would order the proclamation to take
effect in any state that did not end its rebellion against the
Union by January 1, 1863. None of the Confederate states restored
themselves to the Union, and Lincoln's order took effect on
January 1, 1863. The Emancipation Proclamation outraged white
Southerners (and their sympathizers) who envisioned a race war. It
angered some Northern Democrats, energized anti-slavery forces,
and undermined elements in Europe that wanted to intervene to help
the Confederacy. The Proclamation lifted the spirits of African
Americans both free and slave. It led many slaves to escape from
their masters and get to Union lines to obtain their freedom, and
to join the Union Army. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight
PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: China In
Revolution 1911-1949 TV Series DVD, Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 1912: The Century Of
Humiliation: The History Of China (The Hundred Years Of National
Humiliation): Anti-Qing Movements: The 1911 Revolution (The Xinhai
Revolution , The Hsinhai Revolution): The Provisional Government
Of The Republic Of China (1912): The History Of The Republic Of
China (1912-1949): -- The Republic Of China is declared and
established after the Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing
dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China, ending 5,000 years of
monarchy in China. The Republic Of China (ROC), commonly known as
China, was a sovereign state in East Asia based in mainland China,
and for part of its history Mongolia. between 1912 and 1949, prior
to the relocation of its government to the island of Taiwan. At a
population of 541 million in 1949, it was the world's most
populous country. Covering 11.4 million square kilometers (4.4
million mi2), it consisted of 35 provinces, 1 special
administrative region, 2 regions, 12 special municipalities, 14
leagues, and 4 special banners. This period is sometimes referred
to as the Republican Era or the Mainland Period. Sun Yat-Sen, the
founder and its president, served only briefly before handing over
the position to Yuan Shikai, the leader of the Beiyang Army. Sun's
party, the Kuomintang (KMT), then led by Song Jiaoren, won the
parliamentary election held in December 1912. However, Song was
assassinated on Yuan's orders shortly afterwards, and the Beiyang
Army, led by Yuan, maintained full control of the Beiyang
government, who then proclaimed himself Emperor of China from 1915
before abdicating not long after due to popular unrest. After
Yuan's death in 1916, the authority of the Beiyang government was
further weakened by a brief restoration of the Qing dynasty.
Cliques in the Beiyang Army claimed individual autonomy and
clashed with each other during the ensuing Warlord Era. In 1921,
the KMT established the national government in Guangzhou,
supported by the fledgling Communist Party of China (CPC). The
economy of Northern China, overtaxed to support warlord
adventurism, collapsed between 1927 and 1928. General Chiang
Kai-shek, who became the Chairman of the Kuomintang after Sun's
death in 1925, started the Northern Expedition in 1926 to
overthrow the Beiyang government, which was accomplished in 1928.
In April 1927, Chiang established a nationalist government in
Nanjing and massacred Communists in Shanghai. The latter event
forced the CPC into armed rebellion, marking the beginning of the
Chinese Civil War. China experienced some industrialization during
the 1930s but suffered setbacks from conflicts between the
Nationalist government in Nanjing, the CPC, remaining warlords,
and the Empire Of Japan. Nation-building efforts yielded to fight
the Second Sino-Japanese War, when the Imperial Japanese Army
launched an offensive against China in 1937 which turned into a
full-scale invasion that lasted until the surrender of Japan at
the end of World War II in 1945 and regained control of the island
of Taiwan and the Pescadores. Shortly after, the Chinese Civil War
between the KMT and CPC resumed, leading to the 1946 Constitution
of the Republic Of China replacing the 1928 Organic Law as the
Republic's fundamental law. Three years later, in 1949, nearing
the end of the civil war after, the CPC established the People's
Republic Of China on the mainland, with the nationalists moving
their capital several times from Nanjing to Guangzhou, followed by
Chongqing, then Chengdu and lastly, Taipei although the government
controls Taiwan and other smaller islands from 1949 onwards,
Hainan until 1950 and Tibet until 1951. The ROC was a founding
member of the League Of Nations and later the United Nations
(including its Security Council seat) where it maintained until
1971, when the Communist regime took over its membership. It was
also a member of the Universal Postal Union and the International
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Heart Of
The Dragon TV Series DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 1979: The History Of China:
Taiwan-United States Relations: China-United States Relations: The
Joint Communique On The Establishment Of Diplomatic Relations: --
The United States and People's Republic Of China sign an agreement
which recognizes the People's Republic Of China and severs
diplomatic relations with Taiwan. On December 15, 1978, U.S.
President Jimmy Carter announced that the United States would sign
the agreement that coming New Year's Day, and that this agreement
would transfer diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing. The
US reiterated the Shanghai Communique's acknowledgment of the
Chinese position that there is only one China and that Taiwan is a
part of China; Beijing acknowledged that the American people would
continue to carry on commercial, cultural, and other unofficial
contacts with the people of Taiwan. The US Embassy in Taipei was
'migrated' to Beijing and the Taiwanese Embassy in the US was
closed. Following the termination of diplomatic relations, the
United States terminated its Mutual Defense Treaty with Taiwan on
January 1, 1980. At the height of the Sino-Soviet Split, and at
the start of the reform and opening of People's Republic Of China,
the United States strategically switched diplomatic recognition
from the Republic Of China (ROC) to the People's Republic Of China
(PRC) to counter the political influences and military threats
from the Soviet Union. On April 10, 1979, U.S. President Jimmy
Carter signed into law the Taiwan Relations Act (TRA), which
created domestic legal authority for the conduct of unofficial
relations with Taiwan. U.S. commercial, cultural, and other
interaction with the people on Taiwan is facilitated through the
American Institute in Taiwan (AIT), a private nonprofit
corporation. The institute has its headquarters in the Washington,
DC area and has offices in Taipei and Kaohsiung. It is authorized
to issue visas, accept passport applications, and provide
assistance to U.S. citizens in Taiwan. A counterpart organization,
the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the
United States (TECRO), has been established by Taiwan. It has its
headquarters in Taipei, the representative branch office in
Washington, DC, and 11 other Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices
(TECO) in the continental U.S. and Guam. The Taiwan Relations Act
(TRA) continues to provide the legal basis for the unofficial
relationship between the U.S. and Taiwan, and enshrines the U.S.
commitment to assisting Taiwan maintain its defensive capability.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: New York
City History Documentary Collection MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 1898: New York City: The
History Of New York City: The City Of Greater New York: -- The
City Of Greater New York, the term used by many politicians and
scholars for the expanded City Of New York, is created when New
York, New York consolidates the existing City of New York with
Brooklyn, western Queens County, and Staten Island, creating the
modern city of five boroughs. The section of the Bronx west of the
Bronx River had been annexed to the City and County of New York in
1874 and was known as the Annexed District. The section of the
Bronx east of the Bronx River had been annexed to New York City,
and New York County, in 1895. In the years leading up to
consolidation, the City of Brooklyn had expanded by annexing all
of the other towns and cities in Kings County. Only the western
part of Queens County was part of the consolidation plan. In 1899,
its three eastern towns separated to form the new Nassau County.
The city is now known officially as the City of New York, but is
most often called New York City, NYC, or simply New York. On Sale
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Immigration To The United States Documentaries DVD, MP4, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 1892: Immigration: Immigration
To The United States: New Immigrants: Ellis Island: -- Ellis
Island in Upper New York Bay opens to begin processing immigrants
into the United States. Over 12 million new arrivals to America
were processed there as the United States' busiest immigrant
inspection station until 1954. The island was greatly expanded
with land reclamation between 1892 and 1934. Before that, the much
smaller original island was the site of Fort Gibson and later a
naval magazine. The island was made part of the Statue Of Liberty
National Monument in 1965 and has hosted a museum of immigration
since 1990. It was long considered part of New York, but a 1998
United States Supreme Court decision found that most of the island
is in New Jersey. The south side of the island, home to the Ellis
Island Immigrant Hospital, is closed to the general public and the
object of restoration efforts spearheaded by Save Ellis Island. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Gallant Breed: US Marine Chronicles + 2 Bonuses MP4 Download DVD
Today, January 1, 2026
( #JCKaelin here: This man, Samuel
Nicholas, the founder of the United States Marines, served during
the American Revolutionary War under Commodore Esek Hopkins, the
brother of my ancestor Stephen Hopkins, who was a founding father
of the United States Of America, governor of the Colony of Rhode
Island and Providence Plantations, a Chief Justice of the Rhode
Island Supreme Court, and a signer of the Declaration Of
Independence. And they were all to a man Freemasons too ;) ).
========= Birthdate Unknown, 1744: #BOTD: #HBD! Samuel Nicholas,
the first officer commissioned in the United States Continental
Marines, Freemason and by tradition considered to be the first
Commandant of the Marine Corps (d. August 27, 1790) is #born in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the youngest of three, to Anthony and
Mary (Shute Cowman) Nicholas. His father was a blacksmith. and his
uncle was Attwood Shute, the Mayor of Philadelphia (1756-1758).
Nicholas was educated at the Academy and College of Philadelphia
(now the University of Pennsylvania), Class of 1759 (see the
website destroyerhistory.org/fletcherclass/ns_nicholas/), and was
a Freemason who belonged to a Masonic Lodge that met at Tun
Tavern, a tavern and brewery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which
was a founding or early meeting place for a number of notable
groups. It is traditionally regarded as the site where what became
the United States Marine Corps held its first recruitment drive
during the American Revolution. It is also regarded as one of the
"birthplaces of Masonic teachings in America". Although
tradition places the U.S. Marine Corps' first recruiting post at
Tun Tavern, the historian Edwin Simmons surmises that it was more
likely the Conestoga Waggon [sic], a tavern owned by the Nicholas
family. Each year on November 10, U.S. Marines worldwide toast the
memory of the Tun Taven as the officially-acknowledged birthplace
of their service branch. In homage to the likely 1775 Tun Tavern
menu, the U.S. Marine Corps National Museum located in Quantico,
Virginia, contains a Tun Tavern-themed restaurant, whose lunch
menu features beer and other fermented (alcoholic) beverages,
peanut soup and bread pudding, the non-alcoholic recipe of which
remains a traditional staple among some U.S. Marine food services
to this day. The tavern was erected in 1686 at the intersection of
King (later called Water) Street and Tun Alley by settler Joshua
Carpenter, brother of Samuel Carpenter, a Quaker merchant who made
a fortune trading in Barbados. Joshua Carpenter built the Tun on
the caraway that led to Carpenter's Wharf. Tun Tavern was named
for the Old English word "tun", meaning a barrel or keg
of beer. In the 1740s, a restaurant appellation, "Peggy
Mullan's Red Hot Beef Steak Club" was added to the name of
the tavern. Tun Tavern hosted the first meetings of a number of
organizations. In 1720, the first meetings of the St. George's
Society (a charitable organization founded to assist needy
Englishmen arriving in the new colony - predecessor of today's
Sons of the Society of St. George) were held there. In 1732, the
tavern hosted the first meetings of St. John's Lodge No. 1 of the
Grand Lodge Of Pennsylvania Masonic Temple. The Masonic Temple of
Philadelphia recognizes Tun Tavern as the birthplace of Masonic
teachings in America. In 1747, Tun Tavern became the founding
place of the St. Andrew's Society, which like the St. George's
Society, helped newly arrived Scottish. Tun Tavern was a
significant meeting place for other groups and individuals. In
1756, Benjamin Franklin used the inn as a recruitment gathering
point for the Pennsylvania militia as it prepared to fight Native
American uprisings. The tavern later hosted a meeting of George
Washington, Thomas Jefferson and the Continental Congress. In
October 1775 a seven man Naval Committee including John Adams
appointed by Congress crafted articles of war to build America's
first naval fleet. In 1781, near the end of the American
Revolution, Tun Tavern burned down. Its former structure stood at
a location now occupied by Interstate 95, where it passes Penn's
Landing. Tun Alley once existed between Walnut and Chestnut
Streets east of Front Street. A commemorative marker on the east
side of Front Street indicates the site, across from Sansom Walk.
It is listed on Google Maps as located at 125-171 S Front St,
Philadelphia, PA 19106. On November 28, 1775, Nicholas was
commissioned a "Captain of Marines" by the Second
Continental Congress, which was the first commission issued in the
Continental Naval Service. 18 days after the Continental Congress
resolved on November 10 1775, "That two battalions of Marines
be raised consisting of one Colonel, two Lieutenant-Colonels, two
Majors, and other officers, as usual in other regiments; that they
consist of an equal number of Privates with other battalions; that
particular care be taken that no persons be appointed to offices,
or enlisted into said battalions, but such as are good seamen, or
so acquainted with maritime affairs as to be able to serve by sea
when required; that they be enlisted and commissioned to serve for
and during the present war with Great Britain and the Colonies,
unless dismissed by order of Congress; that they be distinguished
by the names of the First and Second Battalion of Marines."
Captain Nicholas no sooner received official confirmation of his
appointment to office than he established recruiting headquarters
in Philadelphia. By January 1776, having recruited a sufficient
number of Marines for the vessels that comprised the Continental
Navy in the waters of Philadelphia, Capt. Nicholas assumed command
of the Marine Detachment on board the Alfred. With Commodore Esek
Hopkins in command, the Alfred set sail from Philadelphia on the
morning of January 4 1776. The following month witnessed the
baptismal fire of the Marines at The Battle Of Nassau. Lord
Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, had collected a store of
arms and provisions at New Providence, in the Bahamas. Dunmore's
forces had done a great deal of injury along the Colonial coast,
especially the shore of Virginia. Commodore Hopkins had been
ordered to proceed to Abaco in the Bahamas, and from there to
operate against the forces of Lord Dunmore. Commodore Hopkins
decided to make an attack on New Providence, capture the enemy's
stores, and destroy his supplies. Capt Nicholas was placed in
command of the landing party of 234 Marines. This attack, the
first successful landing engaged in by Continental Marines, saw
the capture of Nassau on March 3, 1776 without a fight. On April
6, 1776, the Marines participated in the first naval battle
between an American squadron and a British warship, when HMS
Glasgow came upon the squadron. On June 25, 1776, Congress placed
Nicholas "at the head of the Marines with the rank of Major".
Accordingly, Commodore Esek Hopkins (brother of Stephen Hopkins, a
founding father of the United States Of America, governor of the
Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, a Chief Justice
of the Rhode Island Supreme Court, and a signer of the Declaration
Of Independence, and an ancestor of J. C. Kaelin) was advised to
send Major Nicholas to Philadelphia, with dispatches for the
Continental Congress. With notification of his promotion he was
ordered to report to the Marine Committee. The Committee detached
him from the Alfred and ordered him to remain in the city, "to
discipline four companies of Marines and prepare them for service
as Marine guards for the frigates on the stocks". Having
recruited and thoroughly organised the companies, he requested
arms and equipment for them. In December 1776, Major Nicholas
wrote to Congress: "The enemy having overrun the Jerseys, and
our army being greatly reduced, I was ordered to march with three
of the companies to be under the command of His Excellency, the
Commander-in-Chief." This was the first example of a
battalion of Marines about to serve as an actual fighting unit
under the direct command of Army authority. The Marines did not,
however, engage in the attack on Trenton, on December 26, 1776,
which followed General George Washington's crossing of the
Delaware River. They were attached to General John Cadwalader's
division, which was ordered to cross the Delaware to Burlington,
New Jersey, south of Trenton, in concert with Washington's
crossing to the north on the night of December 25, 1776, but was
turned back due to ice floes on the river. After the first Battle
of Trenton, the battalion of Marines under the command of Maj.
Nicholas participated in a battle with a detachment of
Cornwallis's main army at Princeton, New Jersey. During the
ensuing months, Nicholas's battalion served both as infantry and
artillery, participating in several skirmishes. Following the
British evacuation of Philadelphia in June 1778, the Marine
Barracks were reestablished and recruiting resumed. From then
until the close of the war, Nicholas's duties at Philadelphia were
similar to those of later Commandants. Moreover, he was actively
in charge of recruiting, and at times acted as Muster Master of
the Navy. On November 20, 1779, Nicholas wrote Congress to request
he be put in charge of the Marine Detachment aboard the 74-gun
ship of the line America, then being constructed in Portsmouth,
New Hampshire. However, Congress was firm in its intention that
Nicholas remain in Philadelphia. Upon her completion, the America
was presented to France as a gift. After the Navy and Continental
Marines were disbanded following the end of the American
Revolutionary War in 1783, Nicholas returned to civilian life and
became an original member of the Pennsylvania Society of the
Cincinnati. He died on August 27, 1790, in Philadelphia during an
epidemic of yellow fever and is buried in the Friends Graveyard at
Arch Street Friends Meeting House. In a somber tradition, Samuel
Nicholas's grave in the Arch Street Friends Meeting graveyard in
Philadelphia is marked with a wreath at dawn by a group of Marines
annually on November 10 to celebrate his role in the founding of
the Corps. Three ships in the United States Navy have been named
the USS Nicholas in his honor. A British 6-pounder cannon,
captured by Major Nicholas' Marines at Nassau, is on display at
Fort Phoenix in Fairhaven, Massachusetts. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Birthdate Unknown, 939: #BOTD: #HBD! Hugh
Capet, founder of and first king from the House Of Capet that
would rule France until the French Revolution in 1792 (d. October
24, 996) is #born Hugues Capet c. 939 in Paris, West Francia. The
son of the powerful duke Hugh The Great and his wife Hedwige Of
Saxony, on July 3, 987 he was elected and crowned as Rex Francorum
(French: King Of The Franks) as the successor of the last
Carolingian king, Louis V, at Noyon in Picardy on July 3, 987, by
the Prelate Of Reims, a convention of the greatest lords of France
presided over by Archbishop Adalberon.. The Archbishop promoted
the candidacy of Hugh Capet with the words "Crown the Duke.
He is most illustrious by his exploits, his nobility, his forces.
The throne is not acquired by hereditary right; no one should be
raised to it unless distinguished not only for nobility of birth,
but for the goodness of his soul." Hugh was descended from
Charlemagne's son Pepin Of Italy through his mother and paternal
grandmother, respectively, and was also a nephew of the East
Frankish King Otto The Great. The dynasty he founded ruled France
for nearly three and a half centuries from 987 to 1328 in the
senior line, and until 1848 via cadet branches, the male-line
descendants of a monarch's or patriarch's younger sons (cadets),
with an interruption from 1792 to 1814. Hugh Capet died aged 56-57
in Paris, France. He is interred in the Saint Denis Basilica. His
son Robert, who was crowned Junior King in 987, continued to reign
as Robert II of France, the second of the Capetian dynasty. Most
historians regard the beginnings of modern France as having
initiated with the coronation of Hugh Capet. This is because, as
Count of Paris, he made the city his power centre. The monarch
began a long process of exerting control of the rest of the
country from there. He is regarded as the founder of the Capetian
dynasty. The direct Capetians, or the House Of Capet, ruled France
from 987 to 1328; thereafter, the Kingdom was ruled by cadet
branches of the dynasty. All French kings through Louis Philippe,
and all royals since then, have belonged to the dynasty.
Furthermore, cadet branches of the House continue to reign in
Spain and Luxembourg. All monarchs of the Kingdom of France from
Hugh Capet to Philip II of France were titled 'King of the
Franks'. Documents during Philip II's reign began using the title
'King Of France' as dawn of the intimate unification of medieval
French population even though Latin was the main language. On Sale
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Birthdate Unknown, 1028: #BOTD: #HBD!
William I, usually known as William The Conqueror, and sometimes
William The Bastard, the first Norman King of England, reigning
from 1066 until his death (d. September 9, 1087) is #born
Guillaume De Normandie (William Of Normandy) into the Normandy
dynasty (who did not have surnames) at Falaise, Duchy of Normandy,
most likely towards the end of 1028, to Robert I Of Normandy (June
22 1000 - July 1035), also known as Robert the Magnificent, and
Herleva Of Falaise (b. ? - d. c. 1050?), a Norman woman involved
in an extramarital relationship with and later married to Robert
I, who was also the mother of William's prominent half-brothers
Odo of Bayeux and Robert, Count of Mortain, born to Herleva's
marriage to Herluin de Conteville. William The Conqueror
(Guillaume Le Conquerant) was a descendant of Rollo and was Duke
of Normandy from 1035 onward. His hold was secure on Normandy by
1060, following a long struggle to establish his throne, and he
launched the Norman conquest of England six years later. The rest
of his life was marked by struggles to consolidate his hold over
England and his continental lands and by difficulties with his
eldest son, Robert Curthose. William was the son of the unmarried
Robert I, Duke of Normandy, by his mistress Herleva. His
illegitimate status and his youth caused some difficulties for him
after he succeeded his father, as did the anarchy which plagued
the first years of his rule. During his childhood and adolescence,
members of the Norman aristocracy battled each other, both for
control of the child duke and for their own ends. In 1047, William
was able to quash a rebellion and begin to establish his authority
over the duchy, a process that was not complete until about 1060.
His marriage in the 1050s to Matilda of Flanders provided him with
a powerful ally in the neighbouring county of Flanders. By the
time of his marriage, William was able to arrange the appointment
of his supporters as bishops and abbots in the Norman church. His
consolidation of power allowed him to expand his horizons, and he
secured control of the neighbouring county of Maine by 1062. In
the 1050s and early 1060s, William became a contender for the
throne of England held by the childless Edward the Confessor, his
first cousin once removed. There were other potential claimants,
including the powerful English earl Harold Godwinson whom Edward
named as king on his deathbed in January 1066. Arguing that Edward
had previously promised the throne to him and that Harold had
sworn to support his claim, William built a large fleet and
invaded England in September 1066. He decisively defeated and
killed Harold at the Battle of Hastings on October 4, 1066. After
further military efforts, William was crowned king on Christmas
Day 1066 at Westminster Abbey in London; since then, all
coronations of English and British monarchs have also been in
Westminster Abbey. He made arrangements for the governance of
England in early 1067 before returning to Normandy. Several
unsuccessful rebellions followed, but William's hold was mostly
secure on England by 1075, allowing him to spend the majority of
his reign on the continent. William's final years were marked by
difficulties in his continental domains, troubles with his son
Robert, and threatened invasions of England by the Danes. In 1086,
he ordered the compilation of the Domesday Book, a survey listing
all the land-holdings in England along with their pre-Conquest and
current holders. He died on September 9, 1087 at the priory of
Saint Gervase at Rouen, France, having fell ill or injured by the
pommel of his saddle while seizing Mantes, France, and was buried
in Caen. His reign in England was marked by the construction of
castles, settling a new Norman nobility on the land, and change in
the composition of the English clergy. He did not try to integrate
his various domains into one empire but continued to administer
each part separately. His lands were divided after his death:
Normandy went to Robert, and England went to his second surviving
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Birthdate Unknown, c. 1060: Godfrey Of
Bouillon, Lord Of Bouillon from 1076, Duke Of Lower Lorraine from
1087, Frankish knight, one of the leaders of the First Crusade
from 1096 until its conclusion in 1099 (d. July 18, 1100) was
probably born in Boulogne-sur-Mer (Boulogne) in Northern France,
although one 13th-century chronicler cites Baisy, a town in what
is now Walloon Brabant, Belgium, the second son of Eustace II,
Count of Boulogne and Ida, daughter of the Lotharingian duke
Godfrey the Bearded and his first wife, Doda. Godfrey Of Bouillon
died under uncertain circumstances. The Arab chronicler Ibn
al-Qalanisi reported that "In this year [1099], Godfrey, lord
of Jerusalem, appeared before the fortified port of 'Akka [Acre]
and made an assault upon it, but was struck by an arrow, which
killed him". While this claim is repeated in other Muslim
sources, it does not appear in Christian chronicles; Albert of Aix
and Ekkehard of Aura suggest Godfrey fell ill while visiting the
city of Caesarea in the Sharon plain on the coast of the Eastern
Mediterranean in what is now Israel during June 1100, and died in
Jerusalem on July 18, aged 83 or 84. Suggestions he was poisoned
are unlikely and it is more probable he died from a disease
similar to typhoid. Godfrey never married. After the successful
Siege Of Jerusalem in 1099, Godfrey became the first ruler of the
Kingdom of Jerusalem. He refused the title of King, however, as he
believed that the true King of Jerusalem was Christ, preferring
the title of Advocate (i.e., protector or defender) of the Holy
Sepulchre (Latin: Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri). He is also known as
the "Baron of the Holy Sepulchre" and the "Crusader
King". He was succeeded by his brother Baldwin Of Boulogne as
King Baldwin I Of Jerusalem. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, c. 1658: France: The
History Of France: Governments Of France: The French Monarchy: The
Monarchy Of The Kingdom Of France: Punitive Masks: The History Of
Punitive Masks: The Man In The Iron Mask (French: L'Homme Au
Masque De Fer): -- #BOTD: #HBD: The unidentified French prisoner
of state during the reign of King Louis XIV Of France (1643-1715),
who came to be known as The Man In The Iron Mask (though he
actually wore a velvet mask) (d. November 19, 1703) is #born; his
birth details are unknown. Warranted for arrest on July 19, 1669
under the pseudonym of "Eustache Dauger", he was
apprehended near Calais on July 28, incarcerated on August 24, and
held for 34 years in the custody of the same jailer, Benigne
Dauvergne de Saint-Mars, in four successive French prisons,
including the Bastille. The strict measures taken to keep his
imprisonment secret resulted in a long-lasting legend about his
identity. Even though it has been extensively debated by
historians, his true identity remains a mystery, and various
theories have been expounded in numerous books, articles, poems,
plays, and films. During his lifetime, it was rumoured that he was
a Marshal Of France or a President Of Parlement; The Duke Of
Beaufort, or a son of Oliver Cromwell. Among the oldest theories
is one proposed by French philosopher and writer Voltaire, who
claimed in his Questions sur l'Encyclopedie (1771) that the
prisoner was an older, illegitimate brother of Louis XIV. More
than 50 candidates, real and imaginary, have been proposed by
historians and other authors aiming to solve the mystery. What
little is known about the prisoner is based on contemporary
documents that surfaced during the 19th century, mainly some of
the correspondence between Saint-Mars and his superiors in Paris,
initially Louvois, Louis XIV's secretary of state for war. These
documents show that the prisoner was labelled "only a valet"
and that he was jailed for "what he was employed to do"
before his arrest. Legend has it that no one ever saw his face, as
it was hidden by a mask of black velvet cloth, later misreported
by Voltaire as an iron mask. Official documents reveal, however,
that the prisoner was made to cover his face only when travelling
between prisons after 1687, or when going to prayers within the
Bastille in the final years of his incarceration; modern
historians believe the latter measure was imposed by Saint-Mars
solely to increase his own prestige, thus causing persistent
rumours to circulate about this seemingly important prisoner. He
has been the subject of many works of fiction, most prominently in
1850 by Alexandre Dumas. A section of his novel The Vicomte of
Bragelonne: Ten Years Later -- the final installment of his
D'Artagnan saga -- features this prisoner, portrayed as Louis
XIV's identical twin and forced to wear an iron mask. In 1840,
Dumas had first presented a review of the popular theories about
the prisoner extant in his time in the chapter "L'Homme Au
Masque De Fer", published in the eighth volume of his
non-fiction Crimes Celebres. This approach was adopted by many
subsequent authors, and speculative works have continued to appear
on the subject. The Man In The Iron Mask died on a Monday in The
Bastille prison in Paris, and was buried the next day in the
nearby cemetery of Saint-Paul. The Bastille's record of his death
notes that he was known as "M. de Marchiel". The parish
burial register of Saint-Paul records his name as "Marchioly"
(possibly Marchialy), leading several historians to conclude the
prisoner was Italian diplomat Ercole Antonio Mattioli, and states
that he was 45 years old. Nothing more is known. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, c. 1540: #BOTD: #HBD!
Sir Francis Drake, English explorer and privateer, British
Vice-Admiral during the 1588 fight against The Spanish Armada
having started as a simple seaman, best known for his
circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition between 1577
and 1580, the first English circumnavigation, and third
circumnavigation overall (d. January 28, 1596) is #born at
Crowndale Farm in Tavistock, Devon, England, the eldest of the
twelve sons of Edmund Drake (1518-1585), a Protestant farmer, and
his wife, Mary Mylwaye. He son was said to have been named after
his godfather, Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford. His birth
date is not formally recorded; such writers as 19th-20th century
English historian E. F. Benson have claimed that he was born while
the Six Articles Of 1539 (the historically defining statements of
doctrines and practices of the Church Of England) were in force,
which had become law in June 1539, while 19th-20th century British
naval historian Julian Corbett, writing of 17th century historian
William Camden's account, on which this Benson's information is
based, writes that "As a slip of memory, too, we must put
down his difficult assertion that Edmund Drake was driven from
Devonshire during a persecution under the Six Articles Act of
1539." His birth date is estimated from the wording of texts
in contemporary sources such as "Drake was two and twenty
when he obtained the command of the [British warship] Judith",
which would date his birth to 1544. The commonly accepted date of
c. 1540 is a compromise date suggested from two portraits: one a
miniature, painted by Nicholas Hilliard in 1581, when he was
allegedly 42, which would place his birth c. 1539, while the
other, painted in 1594 when he was said to be 52, would give a
birth year of c. 1541. The Drake family fled from Devon to Kent in
1549, during the religious persecution of The Prayer Book
Rebellion, a popular revolt in Cornwall and Devon over the first
Book Of Common Prayer, which presented the theology of the English
Reformation, a widely unpopular change, particularly in areas
where firm Catholic religious loyalty still existed. At an early
age, Drake was placed into the household of a relative, William
Hawkins, a prominent sea captain in Plymouth. In 1572, he set sail
on his first independent mission, privateering along the Spanish
Main. Drake's circumnavigation began on December 15, 1577. He
crossed the Pacific Ocean, until then an area of exclusive Spanish
interest, and laid claim to New Albion, plundering coastal towns
and ships for treasure and supplies as he went. He arrived back in
England on September 26, 1580. Elizabeth I awarded Drake a
knighthood in 1581 which he received aboard his galleon The Golden
Hind. Drake's circumnavigation inaugurated an era of conflict with
the Spanish and in 1585, The Anglo-Spanish War began. Drake was in
command of an expedition to the Americas that attacked Spanish
shipping and ports. When Philip II sent the Spanish Armada to
England in 1588 as a precursor to its invasion, Drake was
second-in-command of the English fleet that fought against and
repulsed the Spanish fleet. A year later he led The English Armada
in a failed attempt to destroy the remaining Spanish fleet. Drake
was the Member of Parliament (MP) for three constituencies:
Camelford in 1581, Bossiney in 1584, and Plymouth in 1593. Drake's
exploits made him a hero to the English, but his privateering led
the Spanish to brand him a pirate, known to them as El Draque
("The Dragon" in old Spanish), a monniker he despised
because his privateering was done by order of Queen Elizabeth in
the service of the state, and not done as brigandage (robbery and
plunder practiced by a brigand, a person who lives by pillage and
robbery). Francis Drake died after his failed assault on Panama
aged about 56 of dysentery, a common disease in the tropics at the
time, while anchored off the coast of Portobelo, Panama where some
Spanish treasure ships had sought shelter. Following his death,
the English fleet withdrew defeated. Before dying, he asked to be
dressed in his full armour. He was buried at sea in a sealed
lead-lined coffin, near Portobelo, a few miles off the coastline.
It is supposed that his final resting place is near the wrecks of
two British ships, Elizabeth and Delight, scuttled in Portobelo
Bay. Efforts by researchers and treasure hunters to discover the
location of his remains are ongoing as of 2024, while divers
continue to search the seabed for the coffin. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Birthdate Unknown, 1552: Sir Walter
Raleigh, English statesman, soldier, writer and explorer, one of
the most notable figures of the Elizabethan era, who played a
leading part in English colonisation of North America, suppressed
rebellion in Ireland, helped defend England against the Spanish
Armada and held political positions under Elizabeth I (d. October
29, 1618) was born to a landed gentry family of Protestant faith
in East Budleigh, Devon, England, the son of Walter Raleigh and
Catherine Champernowne. He was the younger half-brother of Sir
Humphrey Gilbert and a cousin of Sir Richard Grenville. Little is
known of his early life, though in his late teens he spent some
time in France taking part in the religious civil wars. In his 20s
he took part in the suppression of rebellion in the colonisation
of Ireland; he also participated in the siege of Smerwick. Later,
he became a landlord of property in Ireland and mayor of Youghal
in East Munster, where his house still stands in Myrtle Grove. He
rose rapidly in the favour of Queen Elizabeth I and was knighted
in 1585. He was granted a royal patent to explore Virginia, paving
the way for future English settlements. In 1591, he secretly
married Elizabeth Throckmorton, one of the Queen's
ladies-in-waiting, without the Queen's permission, for which he
and his wife were sent to the Tower of London. After his release,
they retired to his estate at Sherborne, Dorset. Walter Raleigh
died of beheading in the Old Palace Yard at the Palace of
Westminster in London, England aged approximately 65 for allegedly
conspiring against James I of England, but actually to appease
England's hitherto enemy, Spain. After Queen Elizabeth died in
1603, Raleigh was imprisoned (again) in The Tower Of London, this
time for being involved in the Main Plot against King James I, who
was not favourably disposed towards him. In 1616, he was released
to lead a second expedition in search of El Dorado; in 1594,
Raleigh heard of a "City of Gold" in South America and
sailed to find it, publishing an exaggerated account of his
experiences in a book that contributed to the legend of "El
Dorado". During the expedition, a detachment of Raleigh's men
led by his top commander and long-time friend Lawrence Kemys
attacked the Spanish outpost of Santo Tome de Guayana on the
Orinoco river, in violation of peace treaties with Spain and
against Raleigh's orders. A condition of Raleigh's pardon was
avoidance of any hostility against Spanish colonies or shipping.
In the initial attack on the settlement, Raleigh's son, Walter,
was fatally shot. Kemys informed Raleigh of his son's death and
begged for forgiveness, but did not receive it, and at once
committed suicide. On Raleigh's return to England, an outraged
Count Gondomar, the Spanish ambassador, demanded that Raleigh's
death sentence be reinstated by King James, who had little choice
but to do so. Raleigh was brought to London from Plymouth by Sir
Lewis Stukley, where he passed up numerous opportunities to make
an effective escape. "Let us dispatch", he said to his
executioner. "At this hour my ague (fever) comes upon me. I
would not have my enemies think I quaked from fear." After he
was allowed to see the axe that would be used to behead him, he
mused: "This is a sharp Medicine, but it is a Physician for
all diseases and miseries." According to biographers,
Raleigh's last words, spoken to the hesitating executioner, were:
"What dost thou fear? Strike, man, strike!" Having been
one of the people to popularise tobacco smoking in England, he
left a small tobacco pouch, found in his cell shortly after his
execution. Engraved upon the pouch was a Latin inscription: Comes
meus fuit in illo miserrimo tempore ("It was my companion at
that most miserable time"). Raleigh's head was embalmed and
presented to his wife. His body was to be buried in the local
church in Beddington, Surrey, the home of Lady Raleigh, but was
finally laid to rest in St. Margaret's, Westminster, where his
tomb is presently located. "The Lords", she wrote, "have
given me his dead body, though they have denied me his life. God
hold me in my wits." It has been said that Lady Raleigh kept
her husband's head in a velvet bag until her death. After
Raleigh's wife's death 29 years later, his head was removed to his
tomb and interred at St. Margaret's Church. Although Raleigh's
popularity had waned considerably since his Elizabethan heyday,
his execution was seen by many, both at the time and since, as
unnecessary and unjust, as for many years his involvement in the
Main Plot seemed to have been limited to a meeting with Lord
Cobham. One of the judges at his trial later said: "The
justice of England has never been so degraded and injured as by
the condemnation of the honourable Sir Walter Raleigh." On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Pirates 12
Part Documentary Series MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, c. 1532: #BOTD: John
Hawkins (John Hawkyns), English admiral, naval administrator,
shipbuilder, privateer and slave trader and (naval commander),
Vice-Admiral who fought in the victory over the Spanish Armada,
for which he was knighted for gallantry, Treasurer of the Navy,
chief architect of the Elizabethan Navy who redesigned the navy so
the ships were faster, more manoeuvrable and had more firepower,
early pioneer and promoter of English involvement in the Atlantic
slave trade, cousin of Sir Francis Drake (d. November 12, 1595) is
#born to a prominent family of ship builders and captains in the
naval port of Plymouth in Devon. His exact date of birth is
unknown, but was likely between November 1532 and March 1533. Sir
John Hawkins is considered to be the first English merchant to
profit from the Triangle Trade, selling enslaved people from
Africa to the Spanish colonies in the West Indies in the late 16th
century. John Hawkins #died at sea close to Puerto Rico, aged
62-63. In 1593, Richard Hawkins, his son, was defeated and
captured by the Spanish at a naval battle called the action of San
Mateo Bay. With his cousin, Sir Francis Drake, John Hawkins raised
a fleet of 27 ships to attack the Spanish in the West Indies. They
set sail from Plymouth on August 29, 1595. Bad weather and
skirmishes with the Spanish fleet hampered their efforts to get
his son back. On November 12, 1595, it was reported that Hawkins
had died at sea. The HMS Hawkins, the lead ship of the
Hawkins-class of five heavy cruisers built for the Royal Navy
during the First World War (lthough none of them were built in
time ro sed service during the war) was named after him. On Sale @
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Disraeli:
Portrait Of A Romantic TV Miniseries DVD Download USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 1877: The History Of India:
The British Raj (Crown Rule In India, Direct Rule In India, India,
The Indian Empire): The Royal Titles Act 1876: -- Queen Victoria
of the United Kingdom is proclaimed Empress of India. The title
Emperor/Empress of India, shortened to king-emperor or
queen-empress, was used by the British monarchs during the British
Raj in the Indian subcontinent from May 1, 1876 (with the Royal
Titles Act 1876) to June 22, 1948, after India had attained
independence from the United Kingdom under the Indian Independence
Act Of 1947, when for a transitional period the British monarch
George VI became king of the new dominions of India and Pakistan.
The monarchies were abolished upon the establishment of the
Republic of India in 1950 and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in
1956. The image of the emperor or empress was used to signify
British authority - his or her profile, for instance, appearing on
currency, in government buildings, railway stations, courts, on
statues etc. "God Save the King" (or, alternatively,
"God Save the Queen") was the former national anthem of
British India. Oaths of allegiance were made to the emperor or
empress and the lawful successors by the governors-general,
princes, governors, commissioners in India in events such an
imperial Delhi Durbar (meaning "Court of Delhi"), an
Indian imperial-style mass assembly organized by the British at
Coronation Park, Delhi, India, to mark the succession of an
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Trial
Of George Washington TV Dramatization DVD, MP4, USB Stick
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 1776: The Age Of Enlightenment
(The Enlightenment, The Age Of Reason): The Age Of Revolution: The
Atlantic Revolutions: The American Enlightenment: The American
Revolution: -- George Washington unveils the Grand Union Flag, the
first national flag in America, hoisting it over the land at
Prospect Hill in Somerville, Massachusetts that is now the
location of the Prospect Hill Monument. The Grand Union Flag, also
known as the Continental Colors, the Congress Flag, the Cambridge
Flag, and the First Navy Ensign, is considered to be the first
national flag of the United States of America. Like the current
U.S. flag, the Grand Union Flag has 13 alternating red and white
stripes, representative of the Thirteen Colonies. The upper inner
corner, or canton, featured the flag of the Kingdom of Great
Britain, the country of which the colonies were the subjects.
Prospect Hill, which was the site of American fortifications
during the Revolutionary war and also served as a training
facility during the Civil War, is now The Prospect Hill Monument,
formally called the Prospect Hill Memorial Flag Tower and
Observatory, and occasionally called the Prospect Hill Tower. The
monument itself is an iron and stone structure four stories tall
designed by Ernest W. Bailey and built in 1904. The monument flies
the Grand Union Flag. The lower deck, outside of the first floor
is open to the public and offers a panoramic view of Boston,
Somerville, and Cambridge. At various times the city of Somerville
has offered tours of the tower. It has been refurbished several
times since in order to preserve its structural soundness. As of
April 4th, 2019, it is closed for renovation. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: J. Edgar
Hoover Biography DVD MP4 Video Download USB Flash Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 1895: #BOTD: J. Edgar Hoover,
American detective, law enforcement official and first Director of
the F.B.I., the Federal Bureau of Investigation (d. May 2, 1972)
is #born John Edgar Hoover on New Year's Day 1895 in Washington,
D.C.. He was instrumental in founding the FBI in 1935, where he
remained director until his death in 1972 at the age of 77. Hoover
has been credited with building the FBI into a larger
crime-fighting agency than it was at its inception and with
instituting a number of modernizations to police technology, such
as a centralized fingerprint file and forensic laboratories. Later
in life and after his death, Hoover became a controversial figure
as evidence of his secretive abuses of power began to surface. He
was found to have exceeded the jurisdiction of the FBI, and to
have used the FBI to harass political dissenters and activists, to
amass secret files on political leaders, and to collect evidence
using illegal methods. Hoover consequently amassed a great deal of
power and was in a position to intimidate and threaten sitting
presidents. One of his biographers, Kenneth Ackerman, writes that
the allegation that Hoover's secret files kept presidents from
firing him is a myth. However, Richard Nixon was recorded in 1971
stating that one of the reasons he did not fire Hoover was that he
was afraid of reprisals against him from Hoover. President Harry
S. Truman said that Hoover transformed the FBI into his private
secret police force: "... we want no Gestapo or secret
police. The FBI is tending in that direction. They are dabbling in
sex-life scandals and plain blackmail. J. Edgar Hoover would give
his right eye to take over, and all congressmen and senators are
afraid of him." J. Edgar Hoover dies of a heart attack in his
Washington, D.C. home, aged 77. He is buried in Congressional
Cemetery in Washington, D.C.. Operational command of the Bureau
was passed onto Associate Director Clyde Tolson. The following
day, Nixon appointed L. Patrick Gray - a Justice Department
official with no FBI experience - as Acting Director of the FBI,
with W. Mark Felt becoming associate director, the man who in 2005
revealed himself to Vanity Fair magazine to have been the
notorious anonymous source known as "Deep Throat", who
provided The Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl
Bernstein with critical information about the Watergate scandal,
which ultimately led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon
in 1974. Hoover's body lay in state in the Rotunda of the U.S.
Capitol, where Chief Justice Warren Burger eulogized him. Up to
that time, Hoover was the only civil servant to have lain in
state, according to The New York Daily News. At the time, The New
York Times observed that this was "an honor accorded to only
21 persons before, of whom eight were Presidents or former
Presidents." On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Moscow's
Man: Kim Philby UK Double Agent For USSR DVD, Download, USB
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 1912: #BOTD: Kim Philby,
Officer Of The Order Of The British Empire (OBE) from 1946 to
1965, high-ranking member of British intelligence who worked as a
double agent as both an NKVD and KGB operative before defecting to
the Soviet Union in 1963, member of the spy ring now known as the
Cambridge Five, the other members of which were Donald Maclean,
Guy Burgess, Anthony Blunt and, possibly, John Cairncross. of
which Philby is believed to have been most successful in providing
secret information to the Soviet Union, awarded the Order of Lenin
in 1965 (d. May 11, 1988) is #born Harold Adrian Russell Philby in
Ambala, Punjab, British India, to author and explorer St John
Philby and his wife, Dora Johnston. His activities were moderated
only by Joseph Stalin's fears that he was a triple agent providing
Soviet intelligence to British authorities; J. Edgar Hoover long
suspected Philby's loyalties for decades, but his advice was not
acted upon. On the evening of January 23, 1963, Philby vanished
from Beirut, failing to meet his wife for a dinner party at the
home of Glencairn Balfour Paul, First Secretary at the British
Embassy. The Dolmatova, a Soviet freighter bound for Odessa, had
left Beirut that morning so abruptly that cargo was left scattered
over the docks; Philby claimed that he left Beirut on board this
ship. However, others maintain that he escaped through Syria,
overland to Soviet Armenia and thence to Russia. It was not until
1 July 1963, over five months later, that Philby's flight to
Moscow was officially confirmed. On 30 July Soviet officials
announced that they had granted him political asylum in the USSR,
along with Soviet citizenship. When the news broke, MI6 came under
criticism for failing to anticipate and block Philby's defection,
though Elliott was to claim he could not have prevented Philby's
flight. Journalist Ben Macintyre, author of several works on
espionage, wrote in his 2014 book on Philby that MI6 might have
left open the opportunity for Philby to flee to Moscow to avoid an
embarrassing public trial. Philby himself thought this might have
been the case, according to Macintyre. When FBI Director J. Edgar
Hoover was informed that one of MI6's top men was a spy for the
Russians, he said, "Tell 'em Jesus Christ only had twelve,
and one of them was a double [agent].". Kim Philby died of
heart failure in Moscow, aged 76. He was given a hero's funeral,
and posthumously awarded numerous medals by the Soviets: The Order
Of Lenin, The Order Of The Red Banner, The Order Of Friendship Of
Peoples, The Order Of The Great Patriotic War, The Lenin Medal and
The Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great
Patriotic War 1941-1945". He is buried at Kuntsevskoye
Cemetery in Moscow, Russia. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Sitting
Bull & The Great Sioux Nation + Bonus Title MP4 Download DVD
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1831: #BOTD: #HBD!
Sitting Bull (Lakota: Tatanka-Yatanka, "Buffalo Who Set
Himself To Watch Over The Herd", simplified as "Sitting
Bull"), Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux Indian leader who led his
people during years of resistance against United States government
policies (d. December 15, 1890) is #born on land later included in
the Dakota Territory. In 2007, Sitting Bull's great-grandson
asserted from family oral tradition that Sitting Bull was born
along the Yellowstone River, south of present-day Miles City,
Montana. He was named Jumping Badger at birth, and nicknamed
Hunkesni (Lakota: "Slow"), said to describe his careful
and unhurried nature. When he was fourteen years old he
accompanied a group of Lakota warriors (which included his father
and his uncle Four Horns) in a raiding party to take horses from a
camp of Crow warriors. He displayed bravery by riding forward and
counting coup (the winning of prestige against an enemy among the
Plains Indians of North America) on one of the surprised Crow,
which was witnessed by the other mounted Lakota. Upon returning to
camp his father gave a celebratory feast at which he conferred his
own name upon his son. Thereafter, Sitting Bull's father was known
as Jumping Bull. At this ceremony before the entire band, Sitting
Bull's father presented his son with an eagle feather to wear in
his hair, a warrior's horse, and a hardened buffalo hide shield to
mark his son's passage into manhood as a Lakota warrior. Sitting
Bull was killed in a skirmish with U.S. Indian agency police
soldiers on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation along the Grand
River in South Dakota during an attempt to arrest him that Sitting
Bull's warriors tried to prevent at a time when U.S. authorities
feared that he would join the Ghost Dance movement, all events
which led to the Wounded Knee Massacre of December 29, 1890. The
Ghost Dance (Caddo: Nanissaanah, also called the Ghost Dance of
1890) was a new religious movement incorporated into numerous
Native American belief systems. According to the teachings of the
Northern Paiute spiritual leader Wovoka (renamed Jack Wilson),
proper practice of the dance would reunite the living with spirits
of the dead, bring the spirits to fight on their behalf, end
westward expansion, and bring peace, prosperity, and unity to
Native American peoples throughout the region. An elaboration of
the Ghost Dance concept was the development of ghost shirts, which
were special clothing that warriors could wear that were rumored
to repel bullets through spiritual power. This belief systems
posed a signficant military threat to American dominance and
control over Indian reservations. Before the Battle of the Little
Bighorn, Sitting Bull had a vision in which he saw many soldiers,
"as thick as grasshoppers," falling upside down into the
Lakota camp, which his people took as a foreshadowing of a major
victory in which many soldiers would be killed. About three weeks
later, the confederated Lakota tribes with the Northern Cheyenne
defeated the 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer on
June 25, 1876, annihilating Custer's battalion and seeming to bear
out Sitting Bull's prophetic vision. Sitting Bull's leadership
inspired his people to a major victory. In response, the U.S.
government sent thousands more soldiers to the area, forcing many
of the Lakota to surrender over the next year. Sitting Bull
refused to surrender, and in May 1877, he led his band north to
Wood Mountain, North-Western Territory (now Saskatchewan). He
remained there until 1881, at which time he and most of his band
returned to U.S. territory and surrendered to U.S. forces. After
working as a performer with Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, Sitting
Bull returned to the Standing Rock Agency in South Dakota. In
1890, James McLaughlin, the U.S. Indian Agent at Fort Yates on
Standing Rock Agency, feared that the Lakota leader was about to
flee the reservation with the Ghost Dancers, so he ordered the
police to arrest him. On December 14, 1890, McLaughlin drafted a
letter to Lieutenant Henry Bullhead (noted as Bull Head in lead),
an Indian agency policeman, that included instructions and a plan
to capture Sitting Bull. The plan called for the arrest to take
place at dawn on December 15, and advised the use of a light
spring wagon to facilitate removal before his followers could
rally. Bullhead decided against using the wagon. He intended to
have the police officers force Sitting Bull to mount a horse
immediately after the arrest. Around 5:30 a.m. on December 15, 39
police officers and four volunteers approached Sitting Bull's
house. They surrounded the house, knocked and entered. Bullhead
told Sitting Bull that he was under arrest and led him outside.
Sitting Bull and his wife noisily stalled for time: the camp
awakened and men converged at the house. As Bullhead ordered
Sitting Bull to mount a horse, he said the Indian Affairs agent
wanted to see the chief, and then Sitting Bull could return to his
house. When Sitting Bull refused to comply, the police used force
on him. The Sioux in the village were enraged. Catch-the-Bear, a
Lakota, shouldered his rifle and shot Bullhead, who reacted by
firing his revolver into the chest of Sitting Bull. Another police
officer, Red Tomahawk, shot Sitting Bull in the head, and Sitting
Bull dropped to the ground. Sitting Bull died between 12 and 1
p.m. A close-quarters fight erupted, and within minutes, several
men were dead. The Lakota killed six policemen immediately, while
two more died shortly after the fight, including Bullhead. The
police killed Sitting Bull and seven of his supporters at the
site, along with two horses. Sitting Bull's body was taken to Fort
Yates, where it was placed in a coffin (made by the Army
carpenter) and buried. A monument was installed to mark his burial
site after his remains were reportedly taken to South Dakota. In
1953, Lakota family members exhumed what they believed to be
Sitting Bull's remains, transporting them for reinterment near
Mobridge, South Dakota, his birthplace. A monument to him was
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Butt Out:
The Life & Death Of TV Cigarette Advertising DVD, MP4, USB
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 1971: Grand Finales: --
Cigarette advertisements are banned on American television. The
legislation that banned cigarette advertising on radio and TV in
the U.S. was signed into law on April 1st, 1970 (April Fool's Day)
by President Richard Nixon. The last cigarette commercial aired at
a few minutes to midnight during Johnny Carson's Tonight Show, a
Virginia Slims ad ending with the words "Regular or King
size" spoken by Dan Ingram. The tobacco industry was a huge
advertising category, spending more than 150M USD on television
(1BM USD in 2019 dollars). The loss of that revenue was crippling
to the big three networks, and in order to make up for the lost
income, they introduced the 30-second commercial ("30s"),
which were less expensive to produce and buy than 60s. These
cheaper commercials attracted a whole new category - and revenue
pool - of smaller sponsors to network television. From this point
on, the 30-second commercial would become the standard of
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Old
Time Radio Adventure MegaSet MP3 DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1635: Crime: Crime:
Organized Crime: Piracy: The History Of Piracy: The Golden Age Of
Piracy (1650s-1730s): -- #BOTD: Sir Henry Morgan (Welsh: Harri
Morgan) was a Welsh privateer, plantation owner, and, later,
Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica (d. August 25, 1688). His life was
romanticised after his death and he became the inspiration for
pirate-themed works of fiction across a range of genres. From his
base in Port Royal, Jamaica, he raided settlements and shipping on
the Spanish Main, becoming wealthy as he did so. With the prize
money from the raids he purchased three large sugar plantations on
the island. Much of Morgan's early life is unknown. He was born in
Monmouthshire, but it is not known how he made his way to the West
Indies, or how he began his career as a privateer. He was probably
a member of a group of raiders led by Sir Christopher Myngs in the
early 1660s during the Anglo-Spanish War. Morgan became a close
friend of Sir Thomas Modyford, the Governor of Jamaica. When
diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of England and Spain
worsened in 1667, Modyford gave Morgan a letter of marque, a
licence to attack and seize Spanish vessels. Morgan subsequently
conducted successful and highly lucrative raids on Puerto Principe
(now Camaguey in modern Cuba) and Porto Bello (now Portobelo in
modern Panama). In 1668 he sailed for Maracaibo and Gibraltar,
both on Lake Maracaibo in modern-day Venezuela. He raided both
cities and stripped them of their wealth before destroying a large
Spanish squadron as he escaped. In 1671 Morgan attacked Panama
City, landing on the Caribbean coast and traversing the isthmus
before he attacked the city, which was on the Pacific coast. The
battle was a rout, although the privateers profited less than in
other raids. To appease the Spanish, with whom the English had
signed a peace treaty, Morgan was arrested and summoned to London
in 1672, but was treated as a hero by the general populace and the
leading figures of government and royalty including Charles II.
Morgan was appointed a Knight Bachelor in November 1674 and
returned to the Colony of Jamaica shortly afterward to serve as
the territory's Lieutenant Governor. He served on the Assembly of
Jamaica until 1683 and on three occasions he acted as Governor of
Jamaica in the absence of the post-holder. A memoir published by
Alexandre Exquemelin, a former shipmate of Morgan's, accused the
privateer of widespread torture and other offences; Morgan brought
a libel suit against the book's English publishers and won,
although the black picture Exquemelin portrayed of Morgan has
affected history's view of the Welshman. Henry Morgan dieD on
August 25, 1688 at Lawrencefield Estate, located in modern Port
Maria, Jamaica. Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle, who
replaced Morgan as Lt. Governor of Jamaica, ordered a state
funeral, and laid Morgan's body at King's House for the public to
pay respects. An amnesty was declared so that pirates and
privateers could pay their respects without fear of arrest. He was
buried at Palisadoes cemetery, Port Royal, followed by a 22-gun
salute from the ships moored in the harbour. Morgan was a wealthy
man when he died. His personal wealth was valued at 5,263 Pounds
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Suspense!
Old Time Radio Series DVD, MP3 Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1680: Crime: Crime:
Organized Crime: Piracy: The History Of Piracy: The Golden Age Of
Piracy (1650s-1730s): -- #BOTD: Blackbeard (Edward Teach,
alternatively spelled Edward Thatch), English pirate who operated
around the West Indies and the eastern coast of Britain's North
American colonies (d. November 22, 1718) is #born, presumably in
Bristol, Kingdom of England. Little is known about Blackbeard's
early life, but he may have been a sailor on privateer ships
during Queen Anne's War before he settled on the Bahamian island
of New Providence, a base for Captain Benjamin Hornigold, whose
crew Teach joined around 1716. Hornigold placed him in command of
a sloop that he had captured, and the two engaged in numerous acts
of piracy. Their numbers were boosted by the addition to their
fleet of two more ships, one of which was commanded by Stede
Bonnet; but Hornigold retired from piracy toward the end of 1717,
taking two vessels with him. Teach captured a French slave ship
known as La Concorde, renamed her Queen Anne's Revenge, equipped
her with 40 guns, and crewed her with over 300 men. He became a
renowned pirate, his nickname derived from his thick black beard
and fearsome appearance; he was reported to have tied lit fuses
(slow matches) under his hat to frighten his enemies. He formed an
alliance of pirates and blockaded the port of Charles Town, South
Carolina, ransoming the port's inhabitants. He then ran Queen
Anne's Revenge aground on a sandbar near Beaufort, North Carolina.
He parted company with Bonnet and settled in Bath, North Carolina,
also known as Bath Town, where he accepted a royal pardon. But he
was soon back at sea, where he attracted the attention of
Alexander Spotswood, the Governor of Virginia. Spotswood arranged
for a small party of soldiers and sailors led by Lieutenant Robert
Maynard to capture the pirate. Blackbeard died when was killed
along with several of his crew off the coast of North Carolina
following a ferocious battle with a small force of soldiers and
sailors led by Lieutenant Robert Maynard. after a long and
prosperous career. It is believed his is buried at Coco Cay
Island, Ragged Island, Bahamas. Virginia Lt. Gov. Alexander
Spotswood had sent two sloops to put an end to him, and Lt. Robert
Maynard killed him in the fight that followed. Teach was a shrewd
and calculating leader who spurned the use of violence, relying
instead on his fearsome image to elicit the response that he
desired from those whom he robbed. He was romanticized after his
death and became the inspiration for an archetypal pirate in works
of fiction across many genres. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Muhammad
Ali Documentaries And Entire Fights DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1930: #BOTD: #HBD!
Sonny Liston, African American professional boxer who competed
from 1953 to 1970, particularly known for his toughness,
formidable punching power, long reach, and intimidating
appearance, world heavyweight champion in 1962 after knocking out
Floyd Patterson in the first round, repeating the knockout the
following year in defense of the title; in the latter fight he
also became the inaugural WBC heavyweight champion, widely
regarded as unbeatable until he lost the title in 1964 to Cassius
Clay (later known as Muhammad Ali), who entered as a 7-1 underdog
(d. December 30, 1970) is #born Charles L. Liston into a
sharecropping family that farmed the poor land of Morledge
Plantation near Johnson Township, St. Francis County, Arkansas.
His father, Tobe Liston, was in his mid 40s when he and his wife,
Helen Baskin, who was almost 30 years younger than Tobe, moved to
Arkansas from Mississippi in 1916. Helen had one child before she
married Tobe, and Tobe had 13 children with his first wife. Tobe
and Helen had 12 children together; Sonny was the second youngest
child. Controversy followed his match with Muhammad Ali, with
claims that Liston had been drinking heavily the night before the
fight. In his 1965 rematch with Clay, Liston suffered an
unexpected first-round knockout that led to unresolved suspicions
of a fix. He was still a world-ranked boxer when he died under
mysterious circumstances in 1970. Underworld connections and his
unrecorded date of birth added to the enigma. The Ring magazine
ranks Liston as the seventh greatest heavyweight of all time,
while the respected boxing writer Herb Goldman ranked him second.
In his book, The Gods of War, Springs Toledo argued that Liston,
when at his peak in the late 1950s and early 1960s, could be
favored to beat just about every heavyweight champion in the
modern era with the possible exception of Muhammad Ali. He died in
mysterious circumstances; he was still a world-ranked boxer when
he died in mysterious circumstances in 1970; found decomposing
after his wife returned to their Las Vegas home after a two week
trip, the official cause of death was given as lung congestion and
heart failure caused by a heroin overdose administered six days
prior, but as he was deathly afraid of needles, murder theories
were advanced involving his employment as the muscle of a loan
shark ring, and being involved with drug dealers who thought he
was a police informant. Underworld connections and his unrecorded
dates of birth and death added to the enigma; Liston signed a
contract in September 1953 proclaiming "Whatever you tell me
to do, I'll do" to his (only) financial backers who were all
close to underworld figures, and Liston supplemented his income by
working for racketeers as an intimidator-enforcer. The connections
to organized crime were an advantage early in his career but were
later used against him. He is buried at Davis Memorial Park in Las
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: It Was
Twenty Years Ago Today: 1967 & Sgt. Pepper DVD MP4 USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1966 / Deathdate
Unknown, 1968: Counterculture Of The 1960s: Civil Rights: Civil
Rights Organizations: Civil rights Organizations Based In The
United States: Civil Rights Organizations Based In The United
States: Civil Rights Organizations Based In San Francisco: Civil
Rights Organizations Based In Haight-Ashbury: Economic Rights:
Economic Rights Organizations: Economic rights Organizations Based
In The United States: Economic Rights Organizations Based In The
United States: Economic Rights Organizations Based In San
Francisco: Economic Rights Organizations Based In Haight-Ashbury:
Human Rights: Human Rights Organizations: Human rights
Organizations Based In The United States: Human Rights
Organizations Based In The United States: Human Rights
Organizations Based In San Francisco: Human Rights Organizations
Based In Haight-Ashbury: Community Action: Community Action
Organizations: Community Action Organizations Based In The United
States: Community Action Organizations Based In The United States:
Community Action Organizations Based In San Francisco: Community
Action Organizations Based In Haight-Ashbury: The Counterculture
Of The 1960s: The Diggers (Theater/Community Action Group): --
#BOTD: #HBD! #DOTD: #RIP: The Diggers, a radical community-action
group of activists and street theatre actors operating from 1966
to 1968, based in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San
Francisco, is #born. The Diggers were closely associated and
shared a number of members with the guerrilla theater group San
Francisco Mime Troupe. They were formed out of after-hours Mime
Troupe discussions between Emmett Grogan, Peter Coyote, Peter
Berg, and Billy Landout. The Diggers fostered and inspired later
groups like the Yippies. They originated, with their
self-published Digger Papers, such phrases as "Do your own
thing", "Today is the first day of the rest of your
life" and adding "free" as a prefix to nouns ("free
love", "free money", etc.). The Diggers took their
name from the original English Diggers (1649-1650) who had
promulgated a vision of society free from buying, selling, and
private property. During the mid- and late 1960s, the San
Francisco Diggers organized free music concerts and works of
political art, provided free food, medical care, transport, and
temporary housing and opened stores that gave away stock. Some of
their events included The Death Of Money Parade, Intersection
Game, Invisible Circus, and Death Of Hippie/Birth of Free. One of
the first Digger activities was the publishing of various
broadsides, which were printed by sneaking into the local Students
For A Democratic Society (SDS) office and using their Gestetner
printer. The leaflets were eventually called The Digger Papers,
and soon morphed into small pamphlets with poetry, psychedelic
art, and essays. The first issue of The Digger Papers was
published in Fall 1965. Peter Berg was one of the regular
contributors to the publication. Their politics have been
categorized as "left-wing"; more accurately, they were
"community anarchists" who blended a desire for freedom
with a consciousness of the community in which they lived. The
Diggers' central tenet was to be "authentic," seeking to
create a society free from the dictates of money and capitalism.
They often included statements that mocked the prevailing attitude
of the counterculture promoted by less-radical figures like the
Haight-Independent Proprietors (HIP), Timothy Leary, and Richard
Alpert. The first paper mocked the acid community, saying "Time
to forget because flowers are beautiful and the sun's not yellow,
it's chicken!" They rarely included authors' names, though
some had pseudonyms like "George Metevsky," a reference
to the "Mad Bomber" George Metesky. (After some HIP
members tried to find out who the Diggers were, Grogan and Landout
responded with a telegram: "REGARDING INQUIRIES CONCERNED
WITH THE IDENTITY AND WHEREABOUTS OF THE DIGGERS; HAPPY TO REPORT
THE DIGGERS ARE NOT THAT.") The 1% Free poster, showing two
Chinese Tong assassins under the Chinese character for
"revolution," was thought to be demanding a 1% tithe
from merchants, but that was not the case. The poster was a
challenge, implicitly suggesting that "free" people were
the minority, and inciting others to step up. Writers Chester
Anderson and Claude and Helene Hayward helped found the publishing
arm of the Diggers, known as the Communications Company (ComCo).
Using "two 'beautiful' Gestetner mimeograph machines that had
been nefariously obtained through the offices of Ramparts
magazine," the Communications Company distributed daily (and
sometimes hourly) broadsides on the streets of the Haight-Ashbury
district during the early part of 1967 and the Summer of Love.
ComCo was a member of the Underground Press Syndicate, a network
of countercultural newspapers and magazines. Through the
Communications Company, Anderson circulated a number of his own
bitter broadside polemics in the Haight, including, in April 1967,
"Uncle Tim'$ Children," with its infamous, often-quoted
line, "Rape is as common as bullshit on Haight Street."
Richard Brautigan's poem "All Watched Over by Machines of
Loving Grace" was first published, in March 1967, by the
Communication Company on an 8.5-by-11-inch (216 by 279 mm)
mimeographed broadside with both the title and imprint
handwritten. The first run included a picture of a megaphone, and
a second printing had an image of people working on a large
computer, rotated to run vertically beside the poem, with simple
line drawings of animals all over the page. In April of the same
year, the Communication Company published it again as the title
poem in the collection by the same name. It included 36
typewritten yellow pages measuring 8.75-by-7-inch (222 by 178 mm),
in a print run of 1,500, all of which were given away for free.
Brautigan then gave permission to The Diggers to include the poem
in the final edition of The Digger Papers, published in August
1968. Also in March 1967, ComCo distributed Willard S. Bain's
Informed Sources: Day East Received, a satirical allegory of the
assassination of John F. Kennedy in the form of fictional news
wire bulletins, in an edition of about 500 mimeographed copies.
The Communications Company also published Harry Driggs' pioneering
underground comic The Life and Loves of Cleopatra (June 1967), an
obscene 28-page narrative inspired by the Elizabeth Taylor film
Cleopatra, and which featured artwork that today would be seen as
child pornography. The Diggers gave away the comic in their free
store at the corner of Cole and Carl in Haight-Ashbury. Joan
Didion described the role Chester Anderson and ComCo played in
Haight-Ashbury in her 1967 essay for The Saturday Evening Post,
"Slouching Towards Bethlehem", which was later included
in the book of the same name. The Diggers threw free parties with
music provided by the Grateful Dead, Janis Joplin, Jefferson
Airplane and other bands. They also staged street theater events,
such as driving a truck of semi-naked belly dancers through the
Financial District, inviting brokers to climb on board and forget
their work. On December 17, 1966, the Diggers held a happening
called "The Death of Money" in which they dressed in
animal masks and carried a large coffin full of fake money down
Haight Street, singing "Get out my life, why don't you babe?"
to the tune of Chopin's "Funeral March" (or "Death
March"). This was a precursor to the happening "The
Death of Hippie," staged in October 1967, in the
Haight-Ashbury neighborhood. Masked participants carried a coffin
with the words "Hippie-Son of Media" on the side. This
event was meant to mark the end of the hippie era of
Haight-Ashbury. The event was staged so as to make any media
outlet that simply described the happening to unintentionally
transmit the Diggers' message that Hippies were a media invention.
This was called "creating the condition you describe".
The Diggers skillfully used this technique for media relations.
The Diggers opened numerous free stores in Haight-Ashbury which
offered discarded but usable items, free for the taking or giving.
The first free store was in a six-car garage on Page Street that
they found filled with empty picture frames; they tacked these up
outside the building and called it the Free Frame of Reference.
The Diggers provided free food service in the Panhandle of Golden
Gate Park every day at four o'clock, feeding about 100 people with
a stew from donated meat and vegetables that was served from
behind a giant yellow picture frame, also called the Free Frame of
Reference, which people were required to step through before being
served. This was superseded by the Trip Without a Ticket on
Frederick Street. It was unclear how the stores were funded. The
Diggers also opened a free medical clinic, initially by inviting
volunteers from the University of California, San Francisco
medical school up the hill from the neighborhood. The free food
and medical clinics were immediate responses to conditions caused
by the enormous influx of young people during the heyday of the
hippie scene, conditions that the San Francisco government was
ignoring. The Diggers also popularized whole wheat bread: their
Digger Bread was baked in coffee cans at the Free Bakery in the
basement of Episcopal All Saints Church on 1350 Waller Street. In
cooperation with All Saints Church and later via the Haight
Ashbury Switchboard at 1830 Fell Street, they arranged free
"crashpad" housing for homeless youth drawn to the
Haight-Ashbury area. The Diggers' division of labor between men
and women has been criticized as sexist, with male members
primarily forming ideas while female members were tasked with most
of the practical work to realize these ideas. For instance, in
providing free food, the men socialized and promoted the events,
while the women did most of the collecting, cooking and serving.
Decision-making in the organization was controlled by male
Diggers, who either came up with or took credit for new ideas,
while female Diggers, who provided much of the organization's
income via welfare checks and social assistance, were sidelined.
This stratification "typifies prefeminist-era radicalism in
the sixties." Running soup kitchens and medical clinics,
however, was not the authentic, long-term concern of the Diggers'
founders. After passing those institutions on to a local church
and David E. Smith to continue, the Diggers moved out of the city,
creating various land bases in California, including Forest
Knolls, Olema, Covelo, Salmon River, Trinidad, and Black Bear
Ranch. There they integrated with other groups - The Free Bakery,
the Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers, and the Gypsy Truckers -
creating The Free Family. That larger group still exists
informally, and many of the Diggers' children and grandchildren
remain in contact with one another, and many are still involved
with progressive causes. Various alternative communities like
those of the Diggers were covered in a feature-length documentary
film by Will Vinton, later known for his ClayMation studio in
Portland, Oregon. This early-1970s documentary (1974 according to
one source) was titled Gone for a Better Deal, but it has never
been released in any video format. Haight-Ashbury Golden-Gate park
poet Ashleigh Brilliant, later known for his pot-Shots epigrams,
released a CD of his songs and parodies about "life in the
Haight," including two songs about the Diggers. A
fictionalized version of the Diggers was featured in Haleh
Roshan's play Free Free Free Free. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Scams,
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Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown (Not publicly
disclosed), 1945: #BOTD: #HBD! Joey Skaggs, American prankster who
has organized numerous successful media pranks, hoaxes, and other
presentations, is born at an undisclosed location. Skaggs is one
of the originators of the phenomenon known as culture jamming.
Skaggs has used Kim Yung Soo, Joe Bones, Joseph Bonuso, Giuseppe
Scaggioli, Dr. Joseph Gregor, and the Rev. Anthony Joseph as
aliases. In his youth, Skaggs studied at the High School of Art
and Design and received a BFA from the School of Visual Arts in
New York. Between 1966 and 1969, Skaggs organized crucifixion
performances on Easter Sundays. In 1968, Skaggs noticed that
middle-class suburbanites were going on tours of the East Village
to observe hippies. Skaggs subsequently organized a sightseeing
tour for hippies to observe the suburbs of Queens. On Christmas
Day, he created the Vietnamese Christmas Nativity Burning to
protest against the Vietnam War. In 1969, Skaggs tied a 50-foot
bra to the front of the U.S. Treasury building on Wall Street in
protest against Francine Gottfried's street harassment, organized
a Hells Angels' wedding procession through the Lower East Side,
and made a grotesque Statue of Liberty on July 4, again to protest
against the Vietnam War. In 1971, Skaggs bought Earlville Opera
House, which is now a thriving performance and exhibition center.
In the same year, he organized what he called a Fame Exchange
during the New York Avant Garde Festival, where he hired a group
of admirers to follow him around instead of John Lennon and Yoko
Ono. It was a forerunner for his next pranks. According to his web
site, Skaggs does not care for "vicious" pranks such as
letters containing fake anthrax; he also states that he is not
doing anything illegal. He uses volunteer actors to play his
customers, refusing to really scam anyone except the media. Often
the prank is launched with nothing more than a press release with
a phone number; in these press releases, Skaggs leaves hints or
details that easily could be checked for accuracy. Eventually, he
reveals the hoax to make his point. On some occasions, Skaggs has
sent a substitute to interviews with programs such as
Entertainment Tonight and To Tell the Truth. Producers did not
notice. Also, photographs in the National Enquirer and Playback
have depicted the wrong man. Many of Skaggs's pranks are
originally reported as true in various news media. Sometimes the
stories are retracted. When not pranking the media, Skaggs earns
his living by painting, making sculptures and lecturing. In a 2015
interview, Skaggs revealed that he has a hoax that is "out
there" that no one has discovered yet. After the interview,
Chinese news agency SinoVision promptly fell for his then
30-year-old annual New York City April Fools' Day parade hoax and
ran a four-minute segment in English on the non-event. His pranks
include: Cathouse for Dogs (1976): Skaggs published an ad for a
dog brothel in The Village Voice and hired actors to present their
dogs for the benefit of an ABC News crew. The prank annoyed the
ASPCA and the Bureau of Animal Affairs until Skaggs revealed the
truth after a subpoena. ABC did not retract the story (the WABC TV
producer insisted that Skaggs had said it was a hoax to avoid
prosecution), possibly because the piece won an Emmy Award;
Celebrity Sperm Bank (1976): Skaggs organized a sperm bank auction
in New York; the sperm bank was then robbed and semen was
supposedly taken hostage; Wall Street Shoeshine (1979): Skaggs
played Joseph Bucks, a shoeshine man who had become rich on Wall
Street and was working his last day - at 5 USD a shine;
Metamorphosis (1981): Skaggs played Dr. Gregor, inventor of the
Cockroach Vitamin Pill, which was supposed to be a cure-all drug.
It was a nod to Franz Kafka's story "The Metamorphosis";
Gypsies Against Stereotypical Propaganda (1982): Gypsy King JoJo
(played by Skaggs) led a protest demanding that the Gypsy moth's
name be changed because it was demeaning to his people;
Windsurfing from Hawaii to California (1983): Windsurfer J.J.
Skaggs attempted the first crossing of the Pacific Ocean on a
sailboard; Fish Condos (1983): Skaggs created an aquarium
depicting rooms with furniture. It was meant to satirize
gentrification, but the aquariums sold very well; Bad Guys Talent
Management Agency (1984): In an attempt to get an acting job for a
friend, Verne Williams, Skaggs founded a fictitious management
agency for "bad-guy" actors. Eventually even real
studios and wannabe actors contacted him; WALK RIGHT! (1984):
Skaggs put together a fictitious militant group that wanted to
enforce proper street walking etiquette and make its rules into
law; The Fat Squad (1986): Skaggs played Joe Bones, the founder of
a disciplinarian diet program where musclemen watched the
customers 24 hours a day to make sure they stuck to their diets,
at a cost of $300 a day; The Annual April Fools' Day Parade, which
exists only as press release and is announced and promoted every
year; Save the Geoduck Campaign (1987): Skaggs played Dr. Richard
J. Long who sought to save geoduck mollusks from extinction
because they had become a popular aphrodisiac among the Japanese;
Comacocoon (1990): As Dr. Joseph Schlafer, Skaggs offered a
literal dream vacation-customers were to sleep in a cocoon,
enjoying programmed dreams about the vacation. The Department of
Consumer Affairs was alerted; Hair Today, Ltd. (1990): Joseph
Chenango-another Skaggs character-marketed a new kind of hair
implant: whole scalps from the dead. The prank began as an ad in
the Village Voice soliciting scalp donors; Geraldo Hoax (1991):
Skaggs appeared on Geraldo Rivera's TV talk show and told a story
about New York artists living in water towers - which he had not
done; Brooklyn Bridge Lottery (1992): Skaggs released a "leak"
informing the public of a lottery where the first prize would be
renaming rights to the Brooklyn Bridge; Portofess (1992): Skaggs
played Father Anthony Joseph, appearing with a portable confession
booth at the Democratic National Convention; Sex Tapes Saved
Marriage (1993): Skaggs sent two actors to Faith Daniels' show to
claim that sex tapes had saved their marriage; SEXONIX (1993):
Skaggs created a hoax about a sex machine, claiming that the
prototype had been seized by Canada Customs at the Canada-US
border on its way from the United States. He used his own name.
Uproar ensued in various bulletin boards; The Psychic Attorney
(1994): On April 1, Skaggs appeared as Maqdananda, a combined New
Age telephone psychic and lawyer. His voice mail box was flooded
with calls; Dog Meat Soup (1994): Skaggs portrayed Kim Yung Soo,
an entrepreneur who wanted to purchase unwanted dogs for human
consumption. His purpose was to bring to light issues of cultural
bias, intolerance and racism, as well as to demonstrate the
media's tendency to be reactionary, gullible and irresponsible;
Baba Wa Simba (1995): Skaggs appeared in London as Baba Wa Simba,
a therapist who recommended that participants roar and behave like
lions (reminiscent of primal scream therapy); The Solomon Project
(1995): Joseph Bonuso (Skaggs) claimed to have created a computer
program that would work as both judge and jury and announce
sentences. It pronounced O. J. Simpson guilty; STOP BioPEEP
(1998): Skaggs appeared as Dr. Joseph Howard, supposed employee of
an Australian company, and revealed surreptitious genetic
engineering with poultry to create addictive commercial products;
Doody Rudy (1999): Skaggs created a large satirical portrait of
New York mayor Rudy Giuliani and let people throw fake elephant
dung at it, in response to Giuliani's criticism of an artwork by
Chris Ofili that incorporated real elephant dung; The Final
Curtain (2000): Skaggs' creation was a combined funeral company,
virtual graveyard and theme park. It was meant to satirize
showmanship in places like Forest Lawn cemeteries. Some investors
were actually interested. Final Curtain's website is still
functioning; Art Attack (2002): Espai D'Art Contemporani (EACC) in
Castellon, Spain asked Skaggs to organize a presentation; in
response, Skaggs created a computer game where people could shoot
passersby walking past the building in the outside corridor; Bush!
(2004): Dressed as Uncle Sam and flanked by cheerleaders, flag
bearers, Cabinet members, the Saudi Royal Family and Secret
Service operatives, Skaggs pedaled a large replica of the White
House, with then-President George W. Bush inside on the toilet,
into Washington Square Park on Independence Day; Bullshit Detector
Watch (2006): Skaggs created a satirical product, a watch that
flashes, moos and poops. It also tells time; Art of the Prank blog
(2007): Skaggs launched a blog covering news, insights, and
discussions on everything to do with unsanctioned art, pranks,
hoaxes, culture jamming and reality hacking; Mobile Homeless Homes
(2012): Pedaling his Mobile Homeless Home, a shelter made from
connected garbage cans, Skaggs led a group of angry muppets
through the streets of New York to bring their outrage against
greedy financial institutions and failed government oversight to
the public; Santa's Missile Tow (2012): Skaggs as Santa Claus,
armed with a mobile rocket launcher mounted on the back of a
tricycle, targeted the United Nations and Times Square with a sign
proclaiming "World Peace or Else!". He was accompanied
by an army of elves handing out toy soldiers to passersby; Bigfoot
& The Tiny Top Circus (2014): Bigfoot, the world's most
illusive and terrifying creature, was captured and put on display
by the Tiny Top Circus in New York City's Washington Square Park.
The creature (Joey Skaggs dressed literally as a big foot) made a
daring escape and disappeared into the West Fourth Street subway
station; Trump's Golden Throne (2017): For New York City's 32nd
annual April Fools' Day Parade, after 31 years promoting a parade
that didn't exist, Joey Skaggs orchestrated a real one. He held a
Trumpathon, the world's largest gathering of Trump look-alikes,
and together they paraded a golden outhouse, featuring President
Donald Trump tweeting on his phone as he sat on his throne, to
Trump Tower on 5th Avenue; and Trump's Military Parade (2018):
Joey Skaggs' 33rd Annual April Fools' Day Parade featured a
mockery of Trump's proposed Military Parade, with Donald Trump
look-alikes carrying an arsenal of toy weapons. They were joined
by North Korean "Rocket Man" Kim Jong Un and Russian
President Vladimir Putin look-alikes as they marched down Fifth
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
History Of The Luftwaffe DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 1945: World War II: The
European Civil War: World War II: The Second European War (The
European Theater Of World War II): The Western Front Of World War
II: Air Warfare Of World War II: Operation Bodenplatte
(German:"Baseplate"): -- The German Luftwaffe launches a
massive but failed attempt to knock out Allied air power in
northern Europe in a single blow. The goal of Operation
Bodenplatte was to gain air superiority during the stagnant stage
of the Battle Of The Bulge so that the German Army and Waffen-SS
forces could resume their advance. The operation was planned for
December 16, 1944, but was delayed repeatedly due to bad weather
until New Year's Day, the first day that happened to be suitable.
Secrecy for the operation was so tight that not all German ground
and naval forces had been informed of the operation and some units
suffered casualties from friendly fire. British signals
intelligence (Ultra) recorded the movement and buildup of German
air forces in the region, but did not realise that an operation
was imminent. The operation achieved some surprise and tactical
success, but was ultimately a failure. A great many Allied
aircraft were destroyed on the ground but replaced within a week.
Allied aircrew casualties were quite small, since the majority of
Allied losses were grounded aircraft. The Germans, however, lost
many pilots that they could not readily replace. Post-battle
analysis suggests only 11 of the Luftwaffe's 34 air combat Gruppen
made attacks on time and with surprise. The operation failed to
achieve air superiority, even temporarily, while the German ground
forces continued to be exposed to Allied air attack. Bodenplatte
was the last large-scale strategic offensive operation mounted by
the Luftwaffe during the war. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Fatal
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Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1895: #BOTD: Georg
Anton Poch, better known as Dr. Poch, Austrian doctor who worked
on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa, believed to be the assumed
secret identity of Adolf Hitler (d. January 15, 1970) is #born in
Premissel, Austria-Hungary (now Przemysl, Poland), the son of
Major Josef Poch. He studied medicine at the University of Graz
and received his doctorate in 1921. From 1921 to 1922 he was a
secondary doctor in Graz and set up the children's health service
in Salzburg on behalf of the Commonwealth Fund. From 1924 to 1929
he was in charge of maternal health care in Salzburg, then in
Eisenstadt until 1935. On December 26, 1924 Georg Poch married the
anthropologist Hella Poch, the widow of his uncle, the
anthropologist Rudolf Poch. On May 29, 1938 he applied for
admission to the Nazi Party and was admitted retrospectively to
May 1. From November 1938 to September 1939 he worked in the
public health department of the Reich Ministry of the Interior in
Berlin. From 1940 he headed Sub-Department IIIa (Healthcare and
Physical Education) and Department IIa/2 for "Heritage and
Racial Care" at the Reich Governor of Salzburg. He worked at
the hereditary health court in Salzburg, where he was jointly
responsible for measures to prepare for euthanasia. After the fall
of The Third Reich, the couple was interrogated by the US-CIC in
Salzburg. He evaded Austrian justice by fleeing for many years,
first via Bolzano, Tyrol, Northern Italy, arriving in Indonesia
where he remained from 1954 on. There Georg Poch ran a clinic in
Sumbawa Besar after stations in Dompu and Bima and died of a heart
attack in Surabaya in 1970. Before that, according to Peter
Levenda, converted to Islam, the religion of the Sundanese woman
named Sulaesih that he married while in Indonesia; he said that
Islam was a "more manly" religion than Judeo-Christian
religiions. Dr. Poch died at the Karang Menjangan Hospital in
Surabaya, Indonesia at the age of 81, where he is buried in the
North Ngagel Public Cemetery, Jalan Bung Tomo, Surabaya. His
burial site as for decades been a place of pilgrimage for Nazis
and Neo-Nazis worldwide. The story of Poch was later documented by
Dr. Sosrohusodo before finally being disseminated to the mass
media. Dr. Sosrohusodo served on the Hope Ship, a ship used by
UNICEF to travel to remote Indonesian islands to innoculate
children, which came to visit Sumbawa Besar. Dr. Sosrohusodo wrote
an article in the Pikiran Rakyat Daily in 1983. In 1994, an
article with the same theme appeared again in. The writer was
Enton Supriyatna, a journalist for Pikiran Rakyat, who as of 2010
was the Executive Editor of Galamedia. Enton told VIVAnews about
his interview with Dr. Sosrohusodo 16 years ago on Jalan
Setiabudi, Bandung. His article was then published on February 24,
1994. "At that time, he called Pikiran Rakyat, inviting
journalists to his house. When I met Mr. Sosrohusodo, he was
already old," Enton said on Thursday, February 25, 2010
evening. Sosrohusodo showed him several photos of Dr. Poch in
various poses. "He was tall, at first glance he did resemble
Hitler, from the shape of his anatomy and head," he said.
Enton admitted to being shown a photo of Poch doing community
service, with a white woman -- who looked like Eva Braun, there
was also a photo of Poch with his wife, a Sundanese woman with the
initials 'S' who was last known to live in Babakan Ciamis. "I
gave this last photo to my friend in Ciamis to be traced. But
unfortunately, the photo was not returned and my friend was
difficult to contact," he said. Enton also admitted to
reproducing several photos of Poch, including a photo of Poch's
shorthand -- which according to Sosrohusodo's investigation was
used when Hitler was in power. The photo reproduction is currently
in the possession of Pikiran Rakyat. "Hopefully it is still
stored. I remember when it was published in Pikiran Rakyat, there
was no photo in the article, because it was published on the
opinion page," he added. Sosrohusodo also told what he knew
about Dr. Poch, including why he suspected the old German doctor
was Hitler -- one of which was Poch's physical characteristics
which were similar to what was revealed in various literature.
"Moreover, from the way he walks, there is indeed a clue that
he is indeed Hitler," said Enton. Sosrohusodo also poured out
his feelings to Enton. Sosrohusodo admitted to being anxious.
"Many people thought he [Sosrohusodo] was crazy, strange, why
bother with that," Enton said. "He felt anxious, this
was something he felt had to be revealed.... He felt burdened but
he was unable to reveal this himself," he added. As far as
Enton knew, Sosrohusodo had no intention of seeking profit or
wanting to be famous. "He was a simple person, not explosive.
If his intention was to seek profit, the proof is that he didn't
get anything, let alone money," Enton added. According to
Enton, Sosrohusodo had passed away. "He once asked me, if
possible, to reveal this," Enton added. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Guyana
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Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1876: #BOTD: Father
Divine, also known as Reverend M. J. Divine, African American
spiritual leader from about 1907 until his death (d. September 10,
1965) is #born under mysterious circumstances. Little is known
about Father Divine's early life, or even his real given name. His
full self-given name was Reverend Major Jealous Divine, and he was
also known as "the Messenger" early in his life. Father
Divine and the peace movement he started did not keep many
records. Father Divine declined several offers to write his
biography, saying that "the history of God would not be
useful in mortal terms". He also refused to acknowledge his
relationship with any family. Newspapers in the 1930s had to dig
up his probable given name: George Baker. This name is not
recognized by the Library of Congress, and from 1979, there is no
further use of that name as a heading for Father Divine in
libraries' catalogs. FBI files record his name as "George
Baker alias 'God'". In 1936 Eliza Mayfield claimed to be
Father Divine's mother. She stated that his real name was
Frederick Edwards from Hendersonville, North Carolina, and he had
abandoned a wife and five children, but Mayfield offered no proof
and claimed to not remember his father's name. Father Divine
replied that "God has no mother." Father Divine's
childhood remains a contentious point. Some, especially earlier
researchers, suppose that he was born in the Deep South, most
likely in Georgia, as the son of sharecroppers. Newer research by
Jill Watts, based on census data, finds evidence for a George
Baker Jr. of appropriate age born in an African American enclave
of Rockville, Maryland, called Monkey Run. If this theory is
correct, his mother was a former slave named Nancy Baker, who died
in May 1897. Most researchers agree that Father Divine's parents
were freed black slaves. Notoriously poor records were kept about
this generation of African Americans, so controversy about his
upbringing is not likely to be resolved. On the other hand, he and
his first wife, Peninniah (variant spellings: Penninah, Peninnah,
Penniah) claimed that they were married on June 6, 1882. Father
Divine was probably called George Baker around the turn of the
century. He worked as a gardener in Baltimore, Maryland. In a 1906
trip to California, Father Divine became acquainted with the ideas
of Charles Fillmore and the New Thought movement, a philosophy of
positive thinking that would inform his later doctrines. Among
other things, this belief system asserted that negative thoughts
led to poverty and unhappiness. Songwriter Johnny Mercer credited
a Father Divine sermon for inspiring the title of his song
"Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive". Father Divine attended
a local Baptist Church, often preaching, until 1907, when a
traveling preacher named Samuel Morris spoke and was expelled from
the congregation. Morris, originally from Allegheny County,
Pennsylvania, had a soft-spoken and uncontroversial sermon until
the end, when he raised his arms and shouted "I am the
Eternal Father!" This routine had him thrown out of many
churches in Baltimore, and was apparently unsuccessful until
Morris happened upon the receptive Father Divine. In his late 20s,
Father Divine became Morris's first follower and adopted a
pseudonym, "The Messenger". The Messenger was a Christ
figure to Morris's God the Father. Father Divine preached with
Morris in Baltimore out of the home of former evangelist Harriette
Snowden, who came to accept their divinity. Morris began calling
himself "Father Jehovia". Divine and Father Jehovia were
later joined by John A. Hickerson, who called himself Reverend
Bishop Saint John the Vine. John the Vine shared the Messenger's
excellent speaking ability and his interest in New Thought. In
1912, the three-man ministry collapsed, as John the Vine denied
Father Jehovia's monopoly on godhood, citing 1 John 4:15 to mean
God was in everyone: "Whoever shall confess that Jesus is the
Son of God, God dwells in him and he in God." Father Divine
parted ways with his former associates. Denying that Father
Jehovia was God, and saying that not everyone could be God, he
declared that he himself was God, and the only true expression of
God's spirit. Father Divine founded the International Peace
Mission movement, formed its doctrine and oversaw its growth from
a small and predominantly black congregation into a multiracial
and international church. Due to his ideology, he is considered to
be a cult leader. He made numerous contributions toward his
followers' economic independence and racial equality. He was a
contemporary of other religious leaders such as Daddy Grace,
Charles Harrison Mason, Noble Drew Ali, James F. Jones (also known
as Prophet Jones), Wallace Fard Muhammad, Elijah Muhammad and Jim
Jones. Father Divine died at 2:20 A.M. of lung congestion caused
by arteriosclerosis and diabetes mellitus at his 73-acre Woodmont
estate in Gladwyne on the Philadelphia Main Line in Lower Merion
Township, Pennsylvania, aged 89. He is buried in theShrine To Life
at Woodmont. His widow Edna Rose Ritchings and remaining followers
insist his spirit is still alive, and always refer to Father
Divine in the present tense. Believers keep the furnishings of
Father Divine's personal rooms at Woodmont just as they were as a
shrine to his life. Father Divine's widow Edna Rose Ritchings
became the spiritual leader of the movement. In 1972, she fought
an attempt by Jim Jones to take over the movement's dwindling
devotees. Jones based some of his doctrines on Father Divine's
International Peace Mission movement, and Jones' custom of
tape-recording all his sermons was copied from Divine, who "spoke"
to his followers via archived sermon tapes once ill health forced
him to cease speaking at meetings. Although a few members of
Father Divine's Mission joined the Peoples Temple after Jones made
his play for leadership of the movement, the power push was, in
terms of its ultimate objective, a failure. Jim Jones even claimed
to be the reincarnation of Father Divine; that Jones was 34 years
old at the time of Father Divine's death made his claims of being
a new incarnation rather hard to sustain. Jones claimed Divine's
spirit had entered his body upon the passing of the elder man, but
Ritchings was left unimpressed by Jones' impassioned rhetoric. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: 25x5: The
Continuing Adventures Of The Rolling Stones DVD, MP4, USB
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 1964: Premieres: -- Top Of The
Pops (TOTP), world's longest running music television show at 42
years, is broadcast for the first time, premiering on BBC Two. Top
Of The Pops is a British music chart television programme, made by
the BBC and broadcast weekly between January 1, 1964 and July 30,
2006. The programme was the world's longest-running weekly music
show. For most of its history, it was broadcast on Thursday
evenings on BBC One. Each show consisted of performances of some
of the week's best-selling popular music records, usually
excluding any tracks moving down the chart, including a rundown of
that week's singles chart. This was originally the Top 20, though
this varied throughout the show's history. The Top 30 was used
from 1969, and the Top 40 from 1984. Dusty Springfield's "I
Only Want to Be with You" was the first song featured on
TOTP, while the Rolling Stones were the first band to perform,
with "I Wanna Be Your Man". Snow Patrol were the last
act to play live on the weekly show when they performed their
single "Chasing Cars". Status Quo made more appearances
than any other artist, with a total of 87 (the first was with
"Pictures of Matchstick Men" in 1968 and last with "The
Party Ain't Over Yet" in 2005). Special editions were
broadcast on Christmas Day (and usually, until 1984, a second
edition a few days after Christmas), featuring some of the
best-selling singles of the year and the Christmas number one.
Although the weekly show was cancelled in 2006, the Christmas
special continued annually. End-of-year round-up editions have
also been broadcast on BBC1 on or around New Year's Eve, albeit
largely featuring the same acts and tracks as the Christmas Day
shows. In a change of format, the festive specials did not return
in 2022 and were replaced by an end-of-year review show on BBC
Two. It also survives as Top of the Pops 2, which began in 1994
and features vintage performances from the Top of the Pops
archives. Though TOTP2 ceased producing new episodes since 2017,
repeats of older episodes are still shown. The Official Charts
Company states that "performing on the show was considered an
honour, and it pulled in just about every major player". The
show has seen seminal performances over its history. The March
1971 appearance of T. Rex frontman Marc Bolan wearing glitter and
satins as he performed "Hot Love" is often seen as the
inception of glam rock, and David Bowie's performance of "Starman"
inspired future musicians. In the 1990s, the show's format was
sold to several foreign broadcasters in the form of a franchise
package, and at one point various versions of the show were shown
in more than 120 countries. Editions of the programme from 1976
onwards started being repeated on BBC Four in 2011 and are aired
on most Friday evenings - as of July 2023 the repeat run has
reached 1995. Episodes featuring disgraced presenters and artists
such as Jimmy Savile, Dave Lee Travis, Jonathan King, Ian Watkins,
R Kelly, Rolf Harris, and Gary Glitter are no longer repeated. The
final broadcasts of TOTP occured on July 30, 2006. On Sale @ 15%
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Le Morte
d'Arthur Sir Thomas Malory King Arthur MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unkown, c. 1393 or
1425/Deathdate Unknown, c. 1470 or later: #BOTD: #HBD! #DOTD:
#RIP: Sir Thomas Malory, English writer, the author of Le Morte
d'Arthur, the classic English-language chronicle of the Arthurian
legend, compiled and in most cases translated from French sources,
is #born; his birth details are unknown. The most popular version
of Le Morte d'Arthur was published by the famed London printer
William Caxton in 1485. Much of Malory's life history is obscure,
but he identified himself as a "knight prisoner",
apparently reflecting that he was either a criminal or a
prisoner-of-war. Malory's identity has never been confirmed.
However, since modern scholars began researching his identity the
most widely accepted candidate has been Sir Thomas Malory of
Newbold Revel in Warwickshire, who was imprisoned at various times
for criminal acts and possibly also for political reasons during
the Wars of the Roses. His death details are unknown. On Sale @
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Satellite Sky: The Space Race DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1954: #BOTD: #HBD!
Laika, Soviet space dog who was one of the first animals in space
and the first to orbit the Earth (d. November 3, 1957) is #born a
stray mongrel from the streets of Moscow. On November 3, 1957,
Soviet Russia launched the world's first inhabited space capsule,
Sputnik II, which carried her into space and into low earth orbit.
Laika survived for several orbits but died a few hours after the
launch; as the technology to re-enter the atmosphere had not yet
been developed, Laika's survival was never expected. She died of
hyperthermia hours into the flight, on the craft's fourth orbit.
Little was known about the effects of spaceflight on living
creatures at the time of Laika's mission, and animal flights were
viewed by engineers as a necessary precursor to human missions.
The experiment, which monitored Laika's vital signs, aimed to
prove that a living organism could survive being launched into
orbit and continue to function under conditions of weakened
gravity and increased radiation, providing scientists with some of
the first data on the biological effects of spaceflight. Laika's
death was possibly caused by a failure of the central R-7
sustainer to separate from the payload. The true cause and time of
her death were not made public until 2002, forty-five years
latger; instead, it was widely reported that she died when her
oxygen ran out on day six or, as the Soviet government initially
claimed, she was euthanised prior to oxygen depletion. In 2008, a
small monument to Laika depicting her standing atop a rocket was
unveiled near the military research facility in Moscow that
prepared her flight. She also appears on the Monument to the
Conquerors of Space in Moscow. Launched by the U.S.S.R., Sputnik 2
was a 4-meter (13 foot) high cone-shaped capsule with a base
diameter of 2 meters (6.6 feet) that weighed around 500 kg, though
it was not designed to separate from the rocket core that brought
it to orbit, bringing the total mass in orbit to 7.79 tonnes. It
contained several compartments for radio transmitters, a telemetry
system, a programming unit, a regeneration and temperature-control
system for the cabin, and scientific instruments. A separate
sealed cabin contained the dog Laika. A 100 line television camera
provided images of Laika inside the capsule. Sputnik 2 was
launched into space only 32 days after its predecessor Sputnik 1.
Due to the huge success of Sputnik 1, Nikita Khrushchev ordered
Sergey Korolev back to work creating a Sputnik 2 that needed to be
ready for space for the 40th anniversary of the Bolshevik
revolution. The plan for Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 was initiated and
presented by Korolev, and was approved in January 1957. At that
time, it was not clear that the Soviets' main satellite plan
(which would eventually become Sputnik 3) would be able to get to
space because of the ongoing issues with the R-7 ICBM, which would
be needed to launch a satellite of that size. "Korolev
proposed substituting two 'simple satellites' for the IGY
satellite". The choice to launch these two instead of waiting
for the more advanced Sputnik 3 to be finished was largely
motivated by the desire to launch a satellite to orbit before the
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Pirates 12
Part Documentary Series MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, c. 1760: #BOTD: Rachel
Wall, American female pirate, the last woman to be hanged in
Massachusetts, possibly the first American-born woman to become a
pirate (d. October 8, 1789) is #born Rachel Schmidt in Carlisle,
Pennsylvania Colony, to a family of devout Presbyterians. She
lived on a farm outside Carlisle, but was not happy, and spent
most of her time at a waterfront. While at the waterfront, she was
attacked by a group of girls, and rescued by a man named George
Wall. The two later married. Wall and her husband moved to Boston,
where he took a job on a fishing schooner. When George came back,
he brought with him five sailors and their lovers, and persuaded
Wall to join them. In one week, the party had spent all their
money and the schooner set sail again, upon which George suggested
they all become pirates. He borrowed another schooner from a
friend, and the party set sail. Wall and her crew worked in the
Isle Of Shoals, just off the New Hampshire coast. After storms
Wall would stand on the deck and scream for help. When passers-by
came to give aid, they were killed and all their goods stolen. The
crew was successful in capturing 12 boats, stealing 6K USD cash,
an indeterminate amount of valuables, and killing 24 sailors, all
between 1781 and 1782. Eventually, after her husband and the crew
washed out to sea by accident, Wall returned to Boston and resumed
her role as a servant. However, she still enjoyed going to the
docks and sneaking into harbored boats, stealing things from
inside. Her final robbery occurred when she saw a young woman
named Margaret Bender, wearing a bonnet which she coveted. She
attempted to steal the bonnet and rip Margaret's tongue out, but
was caught and arrested. She was tried for robbery on September
10, 1789, but requested that she be tried as a pirate, while
maintaining that she had never killed anyone. However, she was
found guilty of robbery and sentenced to be hanged on October 8,
1789. Rachel Wall died by hanging in Boston aged approx. 29,
having been sentenced to death for robbery. She is said to have
quoted "...into the hands of the Almighty God I commit my
soul, relying on his mercy... and die an unworthy member of the
Presbyterian Church, in the 29th year of my age", as her
final words. She is buried at Oak Lawn Cemetery in Roslindale,
Massachusetts. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Cleopatra
The Last Pharaoh 2 Part TV Biography Series MP4 Download DVD
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, c. 69 BC: Cleopatra
VII Thea Philopator, Queen Cleopatra of Egypt during the Ptolemaic
Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and its last active ruler (d.
August 10, 30 BC) is #born as the incestuous child of the
Ptolemaic dynasty's Ptolemy XII Auletes and his sister Cleopatra V
Tryphaen in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Kingdom, Egypt -- in keeping
with Egyptian tradition, the members of the Egyptian royal family
only intermarried and had children with members of their immediate
family -- the descendant of its Ptomaic dynasty's founder Ptolemy
I Soter, a Macedonian Greek general and companion of Alexander The
Great. After the death of Cleopatra, Egypt became a province of
the Roman Empire, marking the end of the second to last
Hellenistic state and the age that had lasted since the reign of
Alexander (336-323 BC). Her native language was Koine Greek, and
she was the only Ptolemaic ruler to learn the Egyptian language.
In 58 BC, Cleopatra presumably accompanied her father, Ptolemy XII
Auletes, during his exile to Rome after a revolt in Egypt (a Roman
client state) allowed his rival daughter Berenice IV to claim his
throne. Berenice was killed in 55 BC when Ptolemy returned to
Egypt with Roman military assistance. When he died in 51 BC, the
joint reign of Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy XIII began, but a
falling-out between them led to open civil war. After losing the
48 BC Battle Of Pharsalus in Greece against his rival Julius
Caesar (a Roman dictator and consul) in Caesar's Civil War, the
Roman statesman Pompey fled to Egypt. Pompey had been a political
ally of Ptolemy XII, but Ptolemy XIII, at the urging of his court
eunuchs, had Pompey ambushed and killed before Caesar arrived and
occupied Alexandria. Caesar then attempted to reconcile the rival
Ptolemaic siblings, but Ptolemy's chief adviser, Potheinos, viewed
Caesar's terms as favoring Cleopatra, so his forces besieged her
and Caesar at the palace. Shortly after the siege was lifted by
reinforcements, Ptolemy XIII died in the 47 BC Battle of the Nile;
Cleopatra's half-sister Arsinoe IV was eventually exiled to
Ephesus for her role in carrying out the siege. Caesar declared
Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy XIV joint rulers but maintained
a private affair with Cleopatra that produced a son, Caesarion.
Cleopatra traveled to Rome as a client queen in 46 and 44 BC,
where she stayed at Caesar's villa. After the assassinations of
Caesar and (on her orders) Ptolemy XIV in 44 BC, she named
Caesarion co-ruler as Ptolemy XV. In the Liberators' civil war of
43-42 BC, Cleopatra sided with the Roman Second Triumvirate formed
by Caesar's grandnephew and heir Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus
Aemilius Lepidus. After their meeting at Tarsos in 41 BC, the
queen had an affair with Antony. He carried out the execution of
Arsinoe at her request, and became increasingly reliant on
Cleopatra for both funding and military aid during his invasions
of the Parthian Empire and the Kingdom of Armenia. The Donations
of Alexandria declared their children Alexander Helios, Cleopatra
Selene II, and Ptolemy Philadelphus rulers over various erstwhile
territories under Antony's triumviral authority. This event, their
marriage, and Antony's divorce of Octavian's sister Octavia Minor
led to the Final War of the Roman Republic. Octavian engaged in a
war of propaganda, forced Antony's allies in the Roman Senate to
flee Rome in 32 BC, and declared war on Cleopatra. After defeating
Antony and Cleopatra's naval fleet at the 31 BC Battle of Actium,
Octavian's forces invaded Egypt in 30 BC and defeated Antony,
leading to Antony's suicide. Cleopatra's legacy survives in
ancient and modern works of art. Roman historiography and Latin
poetry produced a generally critical view of the queen that
pervaded later Medieval and Renaissance literature. In the visual
arts, her ancient depictions include Roman busts, paintings, and
sculptures, cameo carvings and glass, Ptolemaic and Roman coinage,
and reliefs. In Renaissance and Baroque art, she was the subject
of many works including operas, paintings, poetry, sculptures, and
theatrical dramas. She has become a pop culture icon of
Egyptomania since the Victorian era, and in modern times,
Cleopatra has appeared in the applied and fine arts, burlesque
satire, Hollywood films, and brand images for commercial products.
Cleopatra died by poisoning herself, contrary to the popular
belief that she was bitten by an asp, after learning that the
victorious Roman Emperor Octavian planned to bring her to his
Roman triumphal procession. She is buried in The Tomb Of Antony
And Cleopatra, the undiscovered burial crypt of she shares with
Mark Antony assumed to be located in Alexandria, Egypt. According
to historians Suetonius and Plutarch, the Roman leader Octavian
permitted their burial together after he had defeated them. Their
surviving children were taken to Rome, to be raised as Roman
citizens. The Egyptian Ministry Of Tourism And Antiquities
believes that it is in or near a temple of Taposiris Magna,
southwest of Alexandria. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Historical View A Legacy In Pictures JPG Image Set CD Download USB
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1453: #BOTD: #HBD!
Simonetta Vespucci, nicknamed "La Bella Simonetta"
(Italian: "The Beautiful Simonetta"), Italian noblewoman
from Genoa, wife of Marco Vespucci of Florence, cousin-in-law of
Florentine explorer and navigator Amerigo Vespucci after whom
America is named, known as the greatest beauty of her age in
Italy, the alleged model for many paintings, such as: Sandro
Botticelli's Venus and Flora in "The Birth Of Venus",
Venus and one of The Three Graces in "Primavera", and
two "Portrait Of A Woman" paintings from his workshop;
Piero Di Cosimo's nymph in "A Satyr Mourning Over A Nymph"
and "Portrait Of A Woman" ("Portrait Of Simonetta
Vespucci") (d. April 26, 1476) is #born Simonetta Cattaneo in
a part of the Republic of Genoa that is now in the Italian region
of Liguria. A more precise location for her birthplace is unknown:
possibly the city of Genoa, or perhaps either Portovenere or
Fezzano (nowadays included in the municipality of Portovenere).
The Florentine poet Politian wrote that her home was "in that
stern Ligurian district up above the seacoast, where angry Neptune
beats against the rocks ... There, like Venus, she was born among
the waves." Her father was a Genoese nobleman named Gaspare
Cattaneo della Volta (belonging to the same family of 16th-century
Doge of Genoa Leonardo Cattaneo della Volta) and her mother was
his wife, Cattocchia Spinola; another source names her parents
slightly differently, as Gaspare Cattaneo and Chateroccia di Marco
Spinola. At age sixteen she married Marco Vespucci, son of Piero,
who was a distant cousin of the explorer and cartographer Amerigo
Vespucci. They met in April 1469, when she was with her parents at
the church of San Torpete in Genoa; the doge Piero il Fregoso and
much of the Genoese nobility were present. Marco had been sent to
Genoa by his father, Piero, to study at the Banco di San Giorgio.
Smitten with Simonetta, Marco was accepted by her parents as their
daughter's prospective bridegroom; they likely felt that the
marriage would be advantageous because Marco's family was well
connected in Florence, especially to the Medici family. Simonetta
and Marco were married in Florence that same year. According to
legend, Simonetta quickly became popular at the Florentine court,
and attracted the interest of the Medici brothers, Lorenzo and
Giuliano. Lorenzo permitted the Vespucci wedding to be held at the
palazzo in Via Larga, and held the wedding reception at their
lavish Villa di Careggi. At La Giostra (a jousting tournament) in
1475, held at the Piazza Santa Croce, Giuliano entered the lists
bearing a banner upon which was a picture of Simonetta as a
helmeted Pallas Athene, painted by Botticelli, beneath which was
the French inscription La Sans Pareille, meaning "The
Unparalleled One". Giuliano won the tournament, and nominated
Simonetta as "The Queen of Beauty" at that event. It is
clear that Simonetta had a reputation as an exceptional beauty in
Florence, but Giuliano's display should be considered within the
conventions of courtly love. Simonetta was a married woman and a
member of a powerful family allied to his. Simonetta Vespucci died
during the overnight of April 26-27 at the tender age of 22-23 in
Florence. She was carried through the city in an open coffin for
all to admire, and there may have existed a posthumous cult about
her in Florence. Traditionally, it was thought that her death was
caused by tuberculosis. In 2019, a team of medical historians
argued that the supposed portraits of Simonetta show evidence that
she suffered from a pituitary adenoma (a tumor in the pituitary
gland) secreting Prolactin (best known for its role in enabling
mammals to produce milk) and Human Growth Hormone (HGH); the
increase in tumor volume led her to death. She si buried in the
Chiesa Di San Salvatore Di Ognissanti, Or More Simply Chiesa Di
Ognissanti (Italian: "Church Of All Saints"), a
Franciscan church located on the piazza of the same name in
central Florence, dedicated to all the saints and martyrs, known
and unknown, where Sandro Botticelli and Amerigo Vespucci are also
buried. Her husband remarried soon afterward. Giuliano De Medici,
her troubadour knight who jousted with her image, painted by
Botticelli, painted on his banner, was assassinated in The Pazzi
conspiracy two years to the day after Simonetta's death. While
some art historians have taken issue with La Bella Simonetta's
attributions to subjects of Botticelli and Di Cosimo, Victorian
critic John Ruskin promulgated the idea, and the cult of her
beauty and her being the certain subject of Giuliano De Medici's
banner painting is beyond dispute. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Monarchy
In The UK: British Royal History MP4 Video Download DVD Set
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, c. 1501 or 1507: Anne
Boleyn, Queen Of England from 1533 until her death, second wife of
Henry VIII Of England, and beauty (d. May 19, 1536) is #born in
Blickling Hall, Norfolk, England, the daughter of Thomas Boleyn,
1st Earl of Wiltshire, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Howard, and
was educated in the Netherlands and France, largely as a maid of
honour to Queen Claude of France. Anne returned to England in
early 1522, to marry her Irish cousin James Butler, 9th Earl of
Ormond; the marriage plans were broken off, and instead she
secured a post at court as maid of honour to Henry VIII's wife,
Catherine Of Aragon. Early in 1523 Anne was secretly betrothed to
Henry Percy, son of the 5th Earl of Northumberland, but the
betrothal was broken off when Percy's father refused to support
their engagement. Cardinal Wolsey refused the match in January
1524 and Anne was sent back home to Hever Castle. In February or
March 1526, Henry VIII began his pursuit of Anne. She resisted his
attempts to seduce her, refusing to become his mistress, which her
sister Mary had been. It soon became the one absorbing object of
Henry's desires to annul his marriage to Catherine Of Aragon so he
would be free to marry Anne. When it became clear that Pope
Clement VII would not annul the marriage, the breaking of the
Catholic Church's power in England began. In 1532, Henry granted
Anne the Marquessate of Pembroke. Henry and Anne formally married
on January 25, 1533, after a secret wedding on November 14, 1532.
On May 23, 1533, newly appointed Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas
Cranmer declared Henry and Catherine's marriage null and void;
five days later, he declared Henry and Anne's marriage valid.
Shortly afterwards, the Pope decreed sentences of excommunication
against Henry and Cranmer. As a result of this marriage and these
excommunications, the first break between the Church of England
and Rome took place and the Church of England was brought under
the King's control. Anne was crowned Queen Of England on June 1,
1533. On September 7, she gave birth to the future Queen Elizabeth
I. Henry was disappointed to have a daughter rather than a son but
hoped a son would follow and professed to love Elizabeth. Anne
subsequently had three miscarriages, and by March 1536, Henry was
courting Jane Seymour. In order to marry Jane Seymour, Henry had
to find reasons to end the marriage to Anne. Henry VIII had Anne
investigated for high treason in April 1536. On 2 May she was
arrested and sent to the Tower of London, where she was tried
before a jury of peers - which included Henry Percy, her former
betrothed, and her own uncle, Thomas Howard - and found guilty on
15 May. She was beheaded four days later. Modern historians view
the charges against her, which included adultery, incest and
plotting to kill the king, as unconvincing. Some say that Anne was
accused of witchcraft but the indictments make no mention of this
charge. After the coronation of her daughter, Elizabeth, Anne was
venerated as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation,
particularly through the works of John Foxe. Over the centuries,
she has inspired, or been mentioned, in many artistic and cultural
works and thereby retained her hold on the popular imagination.
She has been called "the most influential and important queen
consort England has ever had", as she provided the occasion
for Henry VIII to annul his marriage to Catherine Of Aragon and
declare the English church's independence from Rome. Anne Boleyn
died when she is beheaded on charges of adultery, treason, and
incest that she was innocent of. She was buried in an unmarked
grave in the Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula at the Tower of London.
Her skeleton was identified during renovations of the chapel in
1876, in the reign of Queen Victoria, and reinterred there in
1877. Her grave is now clearly marked on the marble floor,
although the historian Alison Weir believes that the bones
identified as belonging to Anne might in fact be those of
Catherine Howard. Henry's marriage to her, and her subsequent
execution by beheading, made her a key figure in the political and
religious upheaval that was the start of the English Reformation.
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EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Monarchy
In The UK: British Royal History MP4 Video Download DVD Set
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1508: #BOTD: #HBD!
Jane Seymour, Queen Of England from 1536 to 1537, third wife of
King Henry VIII (d. October 24, 1537) is #born to Sir John Seymour
and Margery Wentworth, most likely at Wulfhall, Wiltshire, South
West England, although West Bower Manor in Somerset has also been
suggested. Jane Seymour succeeded Anne Boleyn as queen consort
following the latter's execution in May 1536. She was the only one
of Henry' wives to receive a queen's funeral, and his only consort
to be buried beside him in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle.
She died of postnatal complications less than two weeks after the
birth of her only child, a son who became King Edward VI. She was
the only one of Henry' wives to receive a queen's funeral, and his
only consort to be buried beside him in St George's Chapel at
Windsor Castle. Edward VI was King Of England And Ireland from
January 28, 1547 until his death. He was England's first monarch
to be raised as a Protestant, and was crowned on February 20 at
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Monarchy
In The UK: British Royal History MP4 Video Download DVD Set
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1523: #BOTD: #HBD!
Catherine Howard, Queen Of England from 1540 until 1541 as the
fifth wife of Henry VIII, cousin to Anne Boleyn (the second wife
of Henry VIII), and niece to Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke Of Norfolk
(d. February 13, 1542) is #born Lambeth, London, England, the
daughter of Lord Edmund Howard and Joyce Culpeper. Thomas Howard
was a prominent politician at Henry's court, and he secured her a
place in the household of Henry's fourth wife, Anne Of Cleves,
where she caught the King's interest. She married him on July 28,
1540 at Oatlands Palace in Surrey, just 19 days after the
annulment of his marriage to Anne. He was 49, and she was still a
teenager, at about 17 years old. Catherine was stripped of her
title as queen in November 1541. She was beheaded three months
later on the grounds of treason for committing adultery with her
distant cousin Thomas Culpeper. She is buried at The Chapel Of
Saint Peter-Ad-Vincula in Wapping, London Borough Of Tower
Hamlets, Greater London, England. (Update with info from July 28,
1540) On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Monarchy
In The UK: British Royal History MP4 Video Download DVD Set
Today, January 1, 2026
February 13, 1542: #DOTD: #RIP: Catherine
Howard, Queen Of England from 1540 until 1541 as the fifth wife of
Henry VIII (b. c. 1523) #dies when she is executed for adultery.
She is buried at The Chapel Of Saint Peter-Ad-Vincula in Wapping,
London Borough Of Tower Hamlets, Greater London, England. She was
born Lambeth, London, England, the daughter of Lord Edmund Howard
and Joyce Culpeper, cousin to Anne Boleyn (the second wife of
Henry VIII), and niece to Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke Of Norfolk.
Thomas Howard was a prominent politician at Henry's court, and he
secured her a place in the household of Henry's fourth wife, Anne
Of Cleves, where she caught the King's interest. She married him
on July 28, 1540 at Oatlands Palace in Surrey, just 19 days after
the annulment of his marriage to Anne. He was 49, and she was
still a teenager, at about 17 years old. Catherine was stripped of
her title as queen in November 1541. She was beheaded three months
later on the grounds of treason for committing adultery with her
distant cousin Thomas Culpeper. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Monarchy
In The UK: British Royal History MP4 Video Download DVD Set
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1512: #BOTD: #HBD!
Catherine Parr (she signed her letters as Kateryn), sixth and last
Queen of Henry VIII Of England, Queen of England and Ireland, the
last of the six wives of King Henry VIII from their marriage on
July 12, 1543 until Henry's death on January 28, 1547, by most
accounts beautiful, vivacious and scholarly (d. September 5, 1548)
is #born in Blackfriars, London, England, the eldest child of Sir
Thomas Parr, lord of the manor of Kendal in Westmorland (now in
Cumbria), and Maud Green, daughter and co-heiress of Sir Thomas
Green, lord of Greens Norton, Northamptonshire, and Joan Fogge.
With four husbands, she is the most-married English queen. She was
the first woman to publish an original work under her own name in
English in England, "Prayers or Meditations", published
in 1545. Catherine enjoyed a close relationship with Henry's three
children, Mary, Elizabeth and Edward. She was personally involved
in the education of Elizabeth and Edward. She was influential in
Henry VIII's passing of the Third Succession Act in 1543 that
restored his daughters Mary and Elizabeth to the line of
succession to the throne. Catherine was appointed regent from July
to September 1544 while Henry was on a military campaign in France
and in case he lost his life, she was to rule as regent until
Edward came of age. However, he did not give her any function in
government in his will. Following the king's death, she assumed
the role of guardian to her stepdaughter, Elizabeth. On April 25,
1544, Catherine published her first book, "Psalms or
Prayers", anonymously. Her book "Prayers or Meditations"
became the first book published by an English queen under her own
name on June 2 1545. She published a third book, "The
Lamentation Of A Sinner", on November 5, 1547. On account of
her Protestant sympathies, she provoked the enmity of
anti-Protestant officials, who sought to turn the king against
her; a warrant for her arrest was drawn up, probably in the spring
of 1546. However, she and the king soon reconciled. After Henry
VIII's death in 1547, Catherine was allowed to keep the queen's
jewels and dresses as queen dowager. About six months after Henry
VIII's death, she married her fourth and final husband, Thomas
Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley. Seymour was the uncle of
King Edward VI (Catherine's stepson) and the younger brother of
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector of
England. Catherine's fourth and final marriage was short-lived, as
she died approximately a year later. Catherine Parr died at
Sudeley Castle, from what is thought to have been "childbed
fever", also known as puerperal fever. a postpartum infection
caused by bacteria in the female reproductive tract following
childbirth or miscarriage. This illness was common due to the lack
of hygiene around childbirth. Catherine's funeral was held on
September 7 1548. It was the first Protestant funeral held in
English, the first Protestant funeral in English held in England,
Scotland or Ireland. Her chief mourner was Lady Jane Grey. She is
buried in St. Mary's Chapel on the grounds of Sudeley Castle,
Gloucestershire, England. Catherine was the final queen consort of
the House of Tudor, and outlived Henry by a year and eight months.
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EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Monarchy
In The UK: British Royal History MP4 Video Download DVD Set
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1537: #BOTD: #HBD!
Lady Jane Grey, also known as Lady Jane Dudley (after her
marriage) and as "The Nine Days' Queen" (d. February 12,
1554) is #born the eldest daughter of Henry Grey, 1st Duke of
Suffolk, and his wife, Frances Brandon, possibly in London,
England or in Bradgate Park, Leicestershire, England. She was an
English noblewoman and de facto Queen Of England and Ireland from
July 10 until July 19 1553, when she was replaced by Mary I Of
England as Queen Of England after only nine days on the throne,
was the great-granddaughter of Henry VII through his younger
daughter Mary, and was a first cousin once removed of Edward VI.
She had an excellent humanist education and a reputation as one of
the most learned young women of her day. In May 1553, she married
Lord Guildford Dudley, a younger son of Edward's chief minister
John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland. In June 1553, Edward VI wrote
his will, nominating Jane and her male heirs as successors to the
Crown, in part because his half-sister Mary was Roman Catholic,
while Jane was a committed Protestant and would support the
reformed Church of England, whose foundation Edward claimed to
have laid. The will removed his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth,
from the line of succession on account of their illegitimacy,
subverting their claims under the Third Succession Act. After
Edward's death, Jane was proclaimed queen on July 10, 1553 and
awaited coronation in the Tower of London. Support for Mary grew
very quickly, and most of Jane's supporters abandoned her. The
Privy Council of England suddenly changed sides and proclaimed
Mary as queen on July 19, 1553, deposing Jane. Her primary
supporter, her father-in-law the Duke of Northumberland, was
accused of treason and executed less than a month later. Jane was
held prisoner in the Tower and was convicted in November 1553 of
high treason, which carried a sentence of death - though Mary
initially spared her life. However, Jane soon became viewed as a
threat to the Crown when her father, Henry Grey, 1st Duke of
Suffolk, got involved with Wyatt's Rebellion against Queen Mary's
intention to marry Philip II Of Spain. Both Jane and her husband
were executed on February 12, 1554 on the charge of treason. She
is buried at The Chapel Of Saint Peter-Ad-Vincula in Wapping,
London Borough Of Tower Hamlets, Greater London, England. On Sale
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: TV
Commercials: The Classics Vol. 6 DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 1752: #BOTD: #HBD! Betsy Ross,
also known by her second and third married names, Ashburn and
Claypoole, widely credited with making the first American flag (d.
January 30, 1836) is #born Elizabeth Griscom in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania. According to family tradition, upon a visit from
General George Washington, commander-in-chief of the Continental
Army, in 1776, Ross convinced George Washington to change the
shape of the stars he had sketched for the flag from six-pointed
to five-pointed by demonstrating that it was easier and speedier
to cut the latter. However, there is no archival evidence or other
recorded verbal tradition to substantiate this story of the first
American flag, and it appears that the story first surfaced in the
writings of her grandson in the 1870s (a century after the fact),
with no mention or documentation in earlier decades. On January 1,
1952, the U.S. Post Office issued a commemorative postage stamp to
honor the 200th Anniversary/Bicentennial of her birth. It shows
her presenting the new 13-striped, 13-starred flag to George
Washington, with Robert Morris, and George Ross aside. The design
was taken from a painting by Charles H. Weisberger, one of the
founders and first custodian of the Memorial Association, who has
cared for and operated the so-called Ross House. This was issued
when the "Ross Legend" was still strong and accepted by
many of the American public before additional historical and
academic scrutiny had been done and researched. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Women's
Rights Women's Suffrage The Women's Movement MP4 Download DVD
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, c. (?) 1797: Sojourner
Truth, African American abolitionist, author, civil rights and
women's rights activist of New York Dutch heritage (d. November
26, 1883) was born Isabella Baumfree into slavery in Swartekill,
New York to James and Elizabeth Baumfree (or Bomefree) in
Swartekill, New York, but escaped with her infant daughter to
freedom in 1826. After going to court to recover her son in 1828,
she became the first black woman to win such a case against a
white man. She gave herself the name Sojourner Truth in 1843 after
she became convinced that God had called her to leave the city and
go into the countryside "testifying the hope that was in
her." Her best-known speech was delivered extemporaneously,
in 1851, at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio. The
speech became widely known during the Civil War by the title
"Ain't I a Woman?", a variation of the original speech
re-written by someone else using a stereotypical Southern dialect,
whereas Sojourner Truth was from New York and grew up speaking
Dutch as her first language. During the Civil War, Truth helped
recruit black troops for the Union Army; after the war, she tried
unsuccessfully to secure land grants from the federal government
for formerly enslaved people (summarized as the promise of "forty
acres and a mule"). She continued to fight on behalf of women
and African Americans until her death. As her biographer Nell
Irvin Painter wrote, "At a time when most Americans thought
of slaves as male and women as white, Truth embodied a fact that
still bears repeating: Among the blacks are women; among the
women, there are blacks." Sojourner Truth died early in the
morning of November 26, 1883 at her Battle Creek, Michigan home,
aged 86. Her funeral was held on November 28, 1883 at the
Congregational-Presbyterian Church, a historic church building in
Kinsman, Ohio, officiated by its pastor, the Reverend Reed Stuart.
Some of the prominent citizens of Battle Creek acted as
pall-bearers; nearly one thousand people attended the service.
Truth was buried in the city's Oak Hill Cemetery. Frederick
Douglass offered a eulogy for her in Washington, D.C. "Venerable
for age, distinguished for insight into human nature, remarkable
for independence and courageous self-assertion, devoted to the
welfare of her race, she has been for the last forty years an
object of respect and admiration to social reformers everywhere."
A memorial bust of Truth was unveiled in 2009 in Emancipation Hall
in the U.S. Capitol Visitor Center. She is the first African
American woman to have a statue in the Capitol building. In 2014,
Truth was included in Smithsonian magazine's list of the "100
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
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DVD
Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 1818: First Publications: --
Mary Shelley's novel, Frankenstein; or The Modern Prometheus, is
published anonymously in its first edition in London, England; her
name first appeared in the second edition, which was published in
Paris, France in 1821. Frankenstein tells the story of Victor
Frankenstein, a young scientist who creates a sapient creature in
an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the
story when she was 18, and it was first published when she was 20.
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley travelled through Europe in 1815 along
the river Rhine in Germany, stopping in Gernsheim, 17 kilometres
(11 mi) away from Frankenstein Castle, where two centuries before,
an alchemist engaged in experiments. She then journeyed to the
region of Geneva, Switzerland, where much of the story takes
place. Galvanism and occult ideas were topics of conversation
among her companions, particularly her lover and future husband
Percy B. Shelley. In 1816, Mary, Percy and Lord Byron had a
competition to see who could write the best horror story. After
thinking for days, Shelley was inspired to write Frankenstein
after imagining a scientist who created life and was horrified by
what he had made. Though Frankenstein is infused with elements of
the Gothic novel and the Romantic movement, Brian Aldiss has
argued that it should be considered the first true science fiction
story. In contrast to previous stories with fantastical elements
resembling those of later science fiction, Aldiss states that the
central character "makes a deliberate decision" and
"turns to modern experiments in the laboratory" to
achieve fantastic results. The novel has had a considerable
influence in literature and popular culture and spawned a complete
genre of horror stories, films and plays. Since the publication of
the novel, the name "Frankenstein" has often been used
to refer to the monster itself. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
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Today, January 1, 2026
January 1, 2005: #DOTD: #RIP: Shirley
Chisholm, African American politician and Presidential Medal Of
Freedom recipient who in 1968 became the first black woman elected
to the United States Congress and the first woman or African
American nominated for President at a major party convention (b.
November 30, 1924) #dies at her home in Ormond Beach, Florida; her
health had been in decline after she had suffered a series of
small strokes the previous summer. At her funeral, held in Palm
Coast, Florida, the minister said that Chisholm had brought about
change because "she showed up, she stood up and she spoke
up." She is buried in the Birchwood Mausoleum at Forest Lawn
Cemetery in Buffalo, where the legend inscribed on her vault
reads: "Unbought and Unbossed". Shirley Chisholm was
born Shirley Anita Chisholm in Brooklyn, New York City, to
immigrant parents of Guyanese and Barbaridan descent. She spent a
critical portion of her childhood in Barbados, where her family
was from, and would always consider herself a Barbadian American.
Chisholm represented New York's 12th congressional district, a
district centered on Bedford-Stuyvesant, for seven terms from 1969
to 1983. Back in the United States, Chisholm studied and worked in
early childhood education, becoming involved in local Democratic
party politics in the 1950s. In 1964, overcoming some resistance
because she was a woman, she was elected to the New York State
Assembly. Four years later she was elected to Congress, where she
led expansion of food and nutrition programs for the poor and rose
to party leadership. In 1972, she became the first black candidate
for a major-party nomination for President of the United States,
and the first woman to run for the Democratic Party's nomination.
She retired from Congress in 1983 and taught at Mount Holyoke
College, while continuing her political organizing. Although
nominated for an ambassadorship in 1993, health issues caused her
to withdraw. In 2015, Chisholm was posthumously awarded the
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EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: WABC Radio
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Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1941: #BOTD: #HBD!
Venetta Fields, African American-born singer, musical theater
actress and vocal coach, best known as a member of Ike & Tina
Turner Revue backing singers The Ikettes, is born Venetta Lee
Fields in Buffalo, New York. She was also a backing vocalist for
American and British rock and pop acts of the 1960s and 1970s,
including Pink Floyd, Humble Pie, Barbra Streisand, Elkie Brooks,
Neil Diamond, Steely Dan, Bob Seger, and the Rolling Stones. After
emigrating to Australia in 1982, she became an Australian citizen.
She recorded or toured as a backing singer for Australian artists
Richard Clapton, Australian Crawl, Cold Chisel, Jimmy Barnes,
James Morrison and John Farnham. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Hans
Christian Andersen: A True Myth DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1533: #BOTD: #HBD!
Margaretha Von Waldeck, noble beauty of the House of Waldeck,
likely inspiration for the fairy tale character of "Snow
White" (d. March 15, 1554) is #born in the Holy Roman Empire
(modern Germany). Margaretha Von Waldeck died at the age of 21 in
Brussels, Habsburg Netherlands; three surviving letters from
Margaretha to her father, Philip IV, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen, a
state of the Holy Roman Empire, show that her health declined
steadily in the final few years of her life. In the Waldeck
Chronicles, it is suggested that she had been poisoned. In 1545
Margaretha traveled through the Siebengebirge ("seven hills")
to live with her mother's brother Johann Cirksena (1506-1572) at
Valkenburg Castle, in present-day Limburg, Netherlands. In 1549,
her father sent her on to the Brussels court of Mary of Hungary,
governor of the Habsburg Netherlands and sister of Charles V, Holy
Roman Emperor. Margaretha's presence at the court was partially
meant to improve the relationship of her father with the emperor
and help the release of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, who had been
imprisoned in Brussels for his role in the Schmalkaldic War. The
situation at the court was complicated as several high ranking
personalities were striving for Margaretha, including Lamoral,
Count of Egmont. Charles V's son, Crown Prince Philip, arrived at
his aunt's court in 1549. Tradition has it that he pursued
Margaretha during the few months he was there, though there never
could be any official relationship, as she was Lutheran. It is
Eckhard Sander, in his book Schneewittchen: Marchen oder Wahrheit?
(Snow White: Is It a Fairy Tale?), who alleges that Margaretha's
life was inspiration for the tale of Snow White. Since, however,
her father's second wife died in 1546 and he only remarried again
in October 1554, her stepmother was not a suspect in the alleged
poisoning case. Margaretha's father owned several copper mines; a
majority of workers were children. According to Sander, the seven
dwarfs were inspired by child labor in the copper mining village
Bergfreiheit, now a district of Bad Wildungen that calls itself
Schneewittchendorf (Snow White village). Like the fairy tale's
dwarfs, the child laborers there used to live in groups of about
20 in a single room house. Sander's theory also worked in the
history of Margarethe's brother's children, as well as folktales
from the surrounding area - he suggested that the wicked mother
figure was taken from the life of Margarethe's niece, and the
magnificent wedding from the life of her nephew. Margaretha Von
Waldeck died at the age of 21 in Brussels, Habsburg Netherlands It
is believe she is buried under what is now The Place De La Bourse,
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EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Joan Of
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Today, January 1, 2026
Birthdate Unknown, 1412: #BOTD: #HBD!
Joan Of Arc (French: Jeanne d'Arc, pronounced "Zhohn Dark")
(c. 1412 - May 30, 1431), patron saint of France, who claimed to
be acting under divine guidance and became a military leader who
transcended gender roles and gained recognition as a savior of
France, honored as a defender of the French nation for her role in
the siege of Orleans and her insistence on the coronation of
Charles VII of France during the Hundred Years' War (d. May 30,
1431) is #born to a propertied peasant family at Domremy in
northeast France. In 1428, she requested to be taken to Charles,
later testifying that she was guided by visions from the archangel
Michael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine to help him save
France from English domination. Convinced of her devotion and
purity, Charles sent Joan, who was about seventeen years old, to
the siege of Orleans as part of a relief army. She arrived at the
city in April 1429, wielding her banner and bringing hope to the
demoralized French army. Nine days after her arrival, the English
abandoned the siege. Joan encouraged the French to aggressively
pursue the English during the Loire Campaign, which culminated in
another decisive victory at Patay, opening the way for the French
army to advance on Reims unopposed, where Charles was crowned as
the King Of France with Joan at his side. These victories boosted
French morale, paving the way for their final triumph in the
Hundred Years' War several decades later. After Charles's
coronation, Joan participated in the unsuccessful siege of Paris
in September 1429 and the failed siege of La Charite in November.
Her role in these defeats reduced the court's faith in her. In
early 1430, Joan organized a company of volunteers to relieve
Compiegne, which had been besieged by the Burgundians-French
allies of the English. She was captured by Burgundian troops on
May 23. After trying unsuccessfully to escape, she was handed to
the English in November. She was put on trial by Bishop Pierre
Cauchon on accusations of heresy, which included blaspheming by
wearing men's clothes, acting upon visions that were demonic, and
refusing to submit her words and deeds to the judgment of the
church. She was declared guilty, and died when she was burned at
the stake, aged about nineteen, in Rouen, Normandy, then under
English rule, executed by burning at the stake by an
English-dominated tribunal on the charge, of all things, of
cross-dressing. A monument in Rouen is inscribed with the words of
Andre Malraux: "O Jeanne, without sepulchre, without
portrait, you know that the tomb of heroes is the heart of the
living." Another monument to her stands in north side of
Notre Dame Cathedral Of Paris. In 1456, an inquisitorial court
reinvestigated Joan's trial and overturned the verdict, declaring
that it was tainted by deceit and procedural errors. Joan has been
revered as a martyr, and viewed as an obedient daughter of the
Roman Catholic Church, an early feminist, and a symbol of freedom
and independence. After the French Revolution, she became a
national symbol of France. In 1920, Joan Of Arc was canonized by
the Roman Catholic Church and, two years later, was declared one
of the patron saints of France. She is portrayed in numerous
cultural works, including literature, music, paintings,
sculptures, and theater. Joan Of Arc's name was written in a
variety of ways. There is no standard spelling of her name before
the sixteenth century; her last name was usually written as "Darc"
without an apostrophe, but there are variants such as "Tarc",
"Dart" or "Day". Her father's name was written
as "Tart" at her trial. She was called "Jeanne d'Ay
de Domremy" in Charles VII's 1429 letter granting her a coat
of arms. Joan may never have heard herself called "Jeanne
d'Arc". The first written record of her being called by this
name is in 1455, 24 years after her death. She was not taught to
read and write in her childhood, and so dictated her letters. She
may have later learned to sign her name, as some of her letters
are signed, and she may even have learned to read. Joan referred
to herself in the letters as "Jeanne la Pucelle" (Joan
the Maiden) or as "la Pucelle" (the Maiden), emphasizing
her virginity, and she signed "Jehanne". In the
sixteenth century, she became known as the "Maid Of Orleans".
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
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Today, January 1, 2026
January 1: Chronology: Calendars: The
Months Of The Year: -- January begins, first month of the year in
the Julian and Gregorian calendars, the latter being the most
widely used calendar in the world. Its length is 31 days. The
first day of the month is known as New Year's Day. It is, on
average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern
Hemisphere (where it is the second month of winter) and the
warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere
(where it is the second month of summer). In the Southern
hemisphere, January is the seasonal equivalent of July in the
Northern hemisphere and vice versa. Ancient Roman observances
during this month include Cervula and Juvenalia, celebrated
January 1, as well as one of three Agonalia, Fasti Praenestini,
celebrated January 9, and Carmentalia, celebrated January 11.
These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.
Cervula or Cervulus was a Roman festival celebrated on the Kalends
(first day of the month) of January. According to Chambers (1864),
remnants seem to have been incorporated into a medieval Christian
Feast of the Ass (Festum Asinorum), which honors the role of
donkeys in the Bible, including the Flight into Egypt. Juvenalia,
also known as Ludi Juvenales, were scenic games instituted by Nero
in 59 AD, at the age of 21, in commemoration of his shaving his
beard for the first time, thus indicating that he had passed from
youth into manhood. These games were not celebrated in the circus,
but in a private theatre erected in a pleasure-ground (nemus), and
consisted of every kind of theatrical performance, Greek and Roman
plays, mimetic pieces, and the like. On January 9, Fasti
Praenestini, one of the three Agonium (the others being May 21 and
December 11), is celebrated, albeit in mutilated form. In Ovid's
poem on the Roman calendar, he calls it once the Dies Agonalis
("agonal day") and elsewhere the Agonalia, and offers a
number of etymologies of varied plausibility. Festus explains the
word agonia as an archaic Latin term for hostia, a sacrificial
victim. Augustine of Hippo thought the Romans had a god named
Agonius, who might then have been the god of the Colline part of
the city. The sacrificial offering of The Agonalia was a ram
(aries), the usual victim sacrificed to the guardian gods of the
state. The presiding priest was The Rex Sacrificulus (Latin: "King
Of Little Sacrifices"), a patrician senator priest. The site
of the sacrifice was The Regia (Latin: "Royal House"), a
two-part structure in Ancient Rome along the Via Sacra at the edge
of the Roman Forum that originally served as the residence or one
of the main headquarters of kings of Rome and later as the office
of the Pontifex Maximus, the highest religious official of Rome.
It occupied a triangular patch of terrain between The Temple Of
Vesta, The Temple Of Divus Julius and Temple Of Antoninus And
Faustina. Both The Rex Sacrificulus and The Regia could only be
employed for ceremonies connected with the highest gods that
affected the wellbeing of the whole state; however, the purpose of
this festival was so obscure that it was disputed even among the
ancients themselves. January corresponds partly to the month of
Nivose and partly to the month of Pluviose of The French
Republican Calendar. January's birthstone is the garnet, which
represents constancy.Its birth flower is the cottage pink Dianthus
Caryophyllus (Red Carnation), Galanthus (Snowdrop) or traditional
Carnation. The zodiac signs are Capricorn (until January 19) and
Aquarius (January 20 onwards).
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-historical-view-a-legacy-in-pictures-jpg-photo-cd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Pirates
12 Part Documentary Series MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, January 1, 2026Birthdate Unknown, 1685: #BOTD: Mary
Read, also known as Mark Read, female English pirate who along wih
Anne Bonny were two famous women pirates of the 18th century,
among the few women known to have been convicted of piracy at the
height of The Golden Age Of Piracy (d. April 28, 1721) is #born in
the Kingdom of England. She began dressing as a boy at a young
age, at first at her mother's urging in order to receive
inheritance money and then as a teenager in order to join the
British military. She then married and upon her husband's death
moved to the West Indies around 1715. In 1720 she met the pirate
Calico Jack (Jack Rackham), and joined his crew, dressing as a man
alongside Anne Bonny. Her time as a pirate was successful but
short lived, as she, Bonny and Rackham were arrested in November
1720. Calico Jack was executed, but Read and Bonny both claimed to
be pregnant and received delayed sentences. Mary Read died of a
violent fever while in prison in Port Royal, Colony of Jamaica,
aged 35-36. She was buried at St. Catherine Parish, Jamaica on
April 28, 1721, according to the records of St. Catherine's
church. There is no record of the burial of her baby, fathered by
the pirate Captain Calico Jack, suggesting that she may have died
while pregnant.
https://store.earthstation1.com/pirates-12-part-documentary-series-mp4-video-download-124.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Pirates
12 Part Documentary Series MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, January 1, 2026Birthdate Unknown, 1560 (Baptized
September 19, 1560): #BOTD: #HBD: Sir Thomas Cavendish, English
explorer and privateer, known as "The Navigator" because
he was the first who deliberately tried to emulate Sir Francis
Drake and raid the Spanish towns and ships in the Pacific and
return by circumnavigating the globe (d. May X, 1592) is #born.
Cavendish was baptized on September 19, 1560 in St Martin's
Church, Trimley St Martin, Suffolk. He was the third son of
William Cavendish and Mary Wentworth. When his father died in
1572, Cavendish inherited a sizeable estate and was placed under
the guardianship of Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth.
Wentworth was required to ensure that the boy was prepared for a
university education. In the spring of 1576 at the age of 15, he
entered Corpus Christi College, Cambridge but left in November
1577 without taking a degree. He then entered Gray's Inn, London,
and for the next several years maintained a lavish lifestyle,
making connections in London society including the royal court. He
also came to know Richard Hakluyt and others in his circle who
were advocating for the English colonization of North America.
Cavendish gained a reputation as a spendthrift and between 1583
and 1585 he was taken to court for non-payment of debts. In the
1580s, Cavendish looked for advancement under the patronage of
Walter Raleigh. Raleigh and the Earl of Pembroke helped Cavendish
to become a member of parliament representing the borough of
Shaftesbury in 1584. In turn, he supported Raleigh's efforts to
assume Humphrey Gilbert's contract to colonize America. Cavendish
also studied navigation under the direction of Thomas Harriot at
Raleigh's Durham House in Westminster. In 1585, Cavendish was
appointed second-in-command to Richard Grenville on an expedition
to establish Roanoke Colony in Virginia. He invested in the
purchase and provisioning of the fleet that left Plymouth on 9
April 1585. The ships were scattered by a fierce storm but
Cavendish's ship, Elizabeth, survived and reached the rendezvous
point in Puerto Rico. Grenville was impressed with the
navigational skills displayed by Cavendish on his first voyage.
Grenville and Cavendish spent several weeks in the Caribbean
gathering supplies for the new colony. They were able to purchase
supplies from the Spanish and Hispaniola and also seized two
Spanish ships that they encountered along the way. In late June
they reached the Outer Banks in present-day North Carolina where
the Roanoke colony was established. Cavendish returned to England
in August aboard the Tyger without profit from his investments but
he did gain important experience and several close friends. His
first circumnavigation made him rich from captured Spanish gold,
silk and treasure from the Pacific and the Philippines. His
richest prize was the captured 600-ton sailing ship the Manila
Galleon Santa Ana (also called Santa Anna). He was knighted by
Queen Elizabeth I of England after his return. Thomas Cavendish
died of unknown causes, possibly off Ascension Island in the South
Atlantic after he set off across the Atlantic towards Saint Helena
for a second raiding and circumnavigation trip; his navigator John
Davis continued on with Cavendish's crew and ships and discovered
the Falkland Islands before returning to England with most of his
crew lost to starvation and illness.
https://store.earthstation1.com/pirates-12-part-documentary-series-mp4-video-download-124.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Escape!
Radio Adventure Series MP3 Set DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026Birthday Unknown, 1672: #BOTD: #HBD!
Edmond Hoyle, English author and educator, best known for his
works on the rules and play of card games (d. August 29, 1769) is
#born in England; little else is known about Hoyle's early life
prior to publication of his books. Much of what is written about
him is untrue or exaggerated. He was reputed to a lawyer by
profession, but the suggestion that he trained at the bar is not
known to be true. He is best-known for codifying the rules for
many board games - such as backgammon and chess, and card games.
The phrase "according to Hoyle" (meaning "strictly
according to the rules") came into the language as a
reflection of his generally perceived authority on the subject;
since that time, use of the phrase has expanded into general use
in situations in which a speaker wishes to indicate an appeal to a
putative authority. Arguably his most important contribution was a
small booklet he wrote in 1742 for the card game Whist, titled "A
Short Treatise on the Game of Whist." From then onwards, the
rules detailed in this booklet became authoritative for the game
for the next hundred years. Whenever players would refer to the
rules of games for which Hoyle had established them, they would
begin with the phrase "According to Hoyle_," indicating
that the rule is set in stone by the expert himself. With time,
this phrase became a way of assuring others that they are quoting
an expert, so whether people were debating a new law, discussing
history, theories, or rules of a card game, "According to
Hoyle" became a go-to saying. Hoyle's massive contributions
to creating the laws of many games, as well as honoring experts
and their authority on their respective areas of expertise, is
celebrated on According to Hoyle day. Edmond Hoyle died at age 97
on on Wellbank Street (today Welbeck Street), Cavendish Square,
London, England. He is buried at St. Marylebone Churchyard in
Marylebone, City of Westminster, Greater London, England.
https://store.earthstation1.com/escape-mp3-dvd-complete-radio-adventure-series-broadcast3.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Story Of Civilization: Will & Ariel Durant DVD, MP3 Download,
USB
Today, January 1, 2026Death Date Unknown, 17/18 AD: #DOTD:
#RIP: Ovid, Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus (b.
March 20, 43 BC) #dies in Constanta (modern day Tomis, Romania) on
the Black Sea coast, aged 63 or 64. It is thought that The Fasti,
a six-book poem in elegiac couplets on the theme of the calendar
of Roman festivals and astronomy which he spent some time
revising, were published posthumously. Ovid was probably buried in
or around Tomis. Ovid was born Publius Ovidius Naso in Sulmo,
Italy, Roman Republic. Known as Ovid in the English-speaking
world, he was a contemporary of the older Virgil and Horace, with
whom he is often ranked as one of the three canonical poets of
Latin literature. The Imperial scholar Quintilian considered him
the last of the Latin love elegists. He enjoyed enormous
popularity, but, in one of the mysteries of literary history, was
sent by Augustus into exile in a remote province on the Black Sea,
where he remained until his death. Ovid himself attributes his
exile to carmen et error, "a poem and a mistake", but
his discretion in discussing the causes has resulted in much
speculation among scholars. The first major Roman poet to begin
his career during the reign of Augustus, Ovid is today best known
for the Metamorphoses, a 15-book continuous mythological narrative
written in the meter of epic, and for works in elegiac couplets
such as Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love") and Fasti. His
poetry was much imitated during Late Antiquity and the Middle
Ages, and greatly influenced Western art and literature. The
Metamorphoses remains one of the most important sources of
classical mythology.
https://store.earthstation1.com/story-of-civilization-will-amp-ariel-durant-mp3-dvd-11-audiobo311.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Korea:
The Unknown War TV Korean War Series DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 1996: #DOTD: #RIP: Arleigh
Burke, admiral of the United States Navy who distinguished himself
during World War II and the Korean War, and who served as Chief of
Naval Operations during the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations
(b. October 19, 1901) #dies at the National Naval Medical Center
in Bethesda, Maryland. He was 94 years old. He is buried at the
United States Naval Academy Cemetery, in Annapolis, Maryland. The
USS Arleigh Burke (DDG-51), the lead ship of her class of
Aegis-equipped guided missile destroyers, was commissioned in
Burke's honor in 1991. The honor of naming a US naval vessel after
a living figure was only the fourth time it had been bestowed
since 1861.
https://store.earthstation1.com/korea-the-unknown-war-dvd-complete-6-part-tv-series-3-dis63.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Perspectives On 20th Century Architecture Japan MP4 Video Download
DVD
Today, January 1, 2026Birthdate Undisclosed, 1941: #BOTD: #HBD!
Itsuko Hasegawa, distinguished Japanese architect, is #born
Hasegawa Itsuko in Yaizu City, Japan. She studied at the
Department of Architecture at Kanto Gakuin University, graduating
in 1964. From then until 1969, she worked with Kiyonori Kikutake
and then spent two years studying at Tokyo Institute of
Technology. From 1971 to 1978 she worked under Kazuo Shinohara at
the institute. She has lectured in Rotterdam, Australia, Norway
and Los Angeles between 1984 and 1987. She became the principal of
her own design studio in Tokyo, called Itsuko Hasegawa
Architectural Design Studio in 1976, which was renamed the
Architectural Design Studio in 1979. In 1987, Hasegawa won first
prize in a competition to design the Shonandai Cultural Centre.
Initially, the design was not popular among the local residents,
who were concerned on how the building would be buried below
ground level. However, Hasegawa had many discussions with the
residents, and when the opening phase of construction began in
late 1989, the building was met with unanimous approval. In the
summer of 1989, Hasegawa completed a design for the 270-seat
theatre for the temporary four-month Nagoya Design exhibition.
Hasegawa won an open competition for the design of the Niigata
Performing Arts Centre. The project contains a 1,900-seat concert
hall, a 900-seat theatre, and a 375-seat Noh theatre, and is
surrounded by an eight-hectare landscape. The venue was
constructed atop reclaimed land that used to be part of the
Shinano River. Hasegawa is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal
Institute of British Architects, and has received the Avon Arts
Award, the Building Contractor's Society Prize for the Shonandai
Cultural Center, the Cultural Award for Residential Architecture
(Fukuoka, Japan), and a Design Prize from the Architectural
Institute of Japan.
https://store.earthstation1.com/perspectives-on-20th-century-architecture-japan-d20.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Archival Cartoon Classics #2 Mutt And Jeff History And More! MP4
DVD
Today, January 1, 2026Start Date Unknown, 1908: Cartoons: Print
Cartoons (The Comics): -- The first cartoon of Toonerville Folks
(a.k.a. The Toonerville Trolley That Meets All The Trains), a
popular newspaper comic strip feature by Fontaine Fox, is
published in the Chicago Post; by 1913, it was syndicated
nationally by the Wheeler Syndicate. From the 1930s on, it was
distributed by the McNaught Syndicate. The single-panel gag
cartoon (with longer-form comics on Sunday) was a daily look at
Toonerville, situated in what are now called the suburbs. Central
to the strip was the rickety little trolley called the
"Toonerville Trolley That Met All The trains", driven in
a frenzy by the grizzly old Skipper to meet each commuter train as
it arrived in town. A few of the many richly formed characters
included Suitcase Simpson, Mickey McGuire, the Powerful Katrinka,
the Terrible Tempered Mr. Bang, Aunt Eppie Hogg, Little Woo-Woo
Wortle, The Little Scorpions, and "Stinky" Davis. Fox
described the inspiration for the cartoon series in an article he
wrote for The Saturday Evening Post titled "A Queer Way To
Make a Living" (February 11, 1928, page six): "After
years of gestation, the idea for the Toonerville Trolley was born
one day up in Westchester County when my wife and I had left New
York City to visit Charlie Voight, the cartoonist, in the Pelhams"
[a suburban town in Westchester County, approximately 10 miles
northeast of Midtown Manhattan]. "At the station, we saw a
rattletrap of a streetcar, which had as its crew and skipper a
wistful old codger with an Airedale beard. He showed as much
concern in the performance of his job as you might expect from
Captain Hartley when docking the Leviathan." [a referece to
USS Leviathan, originally the ocean liner SS Vaterland of
Germany's Hamburg America Line, which was seized by The United
States Shipping Board in July 1917 after America's entry into
World War I and converted into an American troop ship, and after
the war advertised as the world's largest and fastest ocean
liner.) Between 1920 and 1922, 17 Toonerville silent film comedy
adaptations were scripted by Fox for Philadelphia's Betzwood Film
Company. These starred Dan Mason as the Skipper with Wilna Hervey
as Katrinka. Only seven of those 17 shorts survive today. Four are
preserved in the Betzwood Film Archive at Montgomery County
Community College, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania. Mickey Rooney starred
as Mickey McGuire in more than 55 comedy shorts filmed between
1927 and 1936. Rooney (ne Joe Yule, Jr.) adopted the professional
name Mickey McGuire for a time before finally settling on the last
name Rooney. Three Toonerville animated cartoon soundies were
produced by Van Beuren Studios in 1936 as part of the Rainbow
Parade series. Distributed by RKO Radio Pictures, Katrinka was
animated by Joseph Barbera, American animator and cartoonist, best
known as the co-founder of the animation studio Hanna-Barbera: 1)
January 17, 1936: Toonerville Trolley; 2) July 3, 1936: Trolley
Ahoy; and 3) October 2, 1936: Toonerville Picnic. A Toonerville
Trolley cartoon, "Lost and Found", was included in
Simple Gifts, a Christmas collection of six animated shorts shown
on PBS TV in 1977. Over the years, various Toonerville characters
acted as spokesmen for popular products of the day. Skipper, Flem
Proddy and Katrinka appeared throughout the decades in
advertisements for Drano, Kellogg's cereals and Chef Boyardee
foods. The last cartoon of Toonerville Folks was published on
February 12, 1955.
https://store.earthstation1.com/archival-cartoon-classics-2-mutt-and-jeff-history-and-more-mp4-d24.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Wonders Of Ellora: John Seely's Travels In India DVD MP4 USB
Today, January 1, 2026Birthdate Unknown, 1786: #BOTD #HBD! John
B. Seely, British Colonial Officer in India, Captain in Bombay
Native Infantry, and travelogue author (Deathdate Unknown, c.
1826) is #born John Benjamin Seely in St. Pancras, London,
England. He gave the first detailed account of Elura caves and
temples. Son of Lawyer John Seely and his wife Lucinda, he himself
tells, to excuse his poor education, that he went to India very
young (in 1804). By 1807 he was a cadet, then served in Nagpur in
Maharashtra, India , but the Elura trip began three years later in
1810 when he was stationed in the neighbourhood of Bombay, still a
young man not more than 23. Apparently this was more than ten
years before the book "The Wonders Of Elora" was
published in 1824. Finally he had been the "second in command
1st battalion of the regular brigade of His Highness the Rajah of
Nagpore", then returned to the U.K. in 1821 because of health
problems. The preface of the book he signed in Wyke, Dorsetshire
in South West England, where he was living on half-pay after 15
years' active service with his wife since 1913, Maria Dowdeswell,
and the first four of their six children. In 1824, returned to
India, and was made Captain in 1826 just before his death in India
of undisclosed causes. His burial details are not publicly
disclosed. Publications: A voice from India, in answer to the
Reformers of England. 15+239 p. L. 1824; The Wonders of Elora; or,
the Narrative of a Journey to the Temples and Dwellings Excavated
Out of a Mountain of Granite, and Extending Upwards of a Mile and
a Quarter at Elora, in the East Indies, by the Route of Poona,
Ahmed-Nuggur, and Toka, returning by Dowlutabad and Aurangabad;
with Some General Observations on the People and Country. 16+599
p. 9 pl. 1824, rev. 2nd ed. L. 1825; The Road Book of India; or
East Indian Traveller's Guide. 12+36+28+27 p. L. 1825; The letters
appended to the Elura book indicate several other writings in
manuscript form.
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-wonders-of-ellora-john-seely-in-india-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Julius
Caesar The Battle Of Alesia, His Assassination MP4 Download DVD
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 42 BC: Rome: Ancient Rome: The
Roman Empire: The Apotheosis Of Julius Caesar: -- The Roman Senate
posthumously deifies Roman Emperor Julius Caesar as Divus Iulius
(Latin: "Divine Julius"); his adopted son and successor
Caesar Octavian henceforth became Divi Filius (Latin: "Son Of
The Divine"). Gaius Julius Caesar, Roman general and
statesman (July 12, 100 BC - March 15, 44 BC) was born Gaius
Julius Caesar into a patrician family, the Gens Julia, in Suburra,
Rome. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman
armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating Pompey in a civil war
and governing the Roman Republic as a dictator from 49 BC until
his assassination in 44 BC. He played a critical role in the
events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise
of the Roman Empire. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed
the First Triumvirate, a political alliance that dominated Roman
politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power as
Populares were opposed by the Optimates within the Roman Senate,
among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero.
Caesar rose to become one of the most powerful politicians in the
Roman Republic through a string of military victories in the
Gallic Wars, completed by 51 BC, which greatly extended Roman
territory. During this time he both invaded Britain and built a
bridge across the Rhine river. These achievements and the support
of his veteran army threatened to eclipse the standing of Pompey,
who had realigned himself with the Senate after the death of
Crassus in 53 BC. With the Gallic Wars concluded, the Senate
ordered Caesar to step down from his military command and return
to Rome. Caesar openly defied the Senate's authority by crossing
the Rubicon and marching towards Rome at the head of an army. This
began Caesar's civil war, which he won, leaving him in a position
of near unchallenged power and influence. After assuming control
of government, Caesar began a program of social and governmental
reforms, including the creation of the Julian calendar. He gave
citizenship to many residents of far regions of the Roman
Republic. He initiated land reform and support for veterans. He
centralized the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually
proclaimed "dictator for life" (dictator perpetuo). His
populist and authoritarian reforms angered the elites, who began
to conspire against him. On the Ides of March (15 March), 44 BC,
Caesar was assassinated by a group of rebellious senators led by
Brutus and Cassius, who stabbed him to death. Julius Caesar died
when he is assassinated in the Senate chamber in Rome by Brutus
and fellow conspirators on the Ides Of March. After first trying
to defend himself against the murderous onslaught, Caesar saw
Brutus with a knife and asked "Et tu, Brute?" (You too,
Brutus?) Caesar then gave up the struggle and was stabbed to
death. The Ides Of March, a day on the Roman calendar that
corresponds to March 15, was marked by several religious
observances and was notable for the Romans as a deadline for
settling debts. In 44 BC, it became notorious as the date of the
assassination of Julius Caesar. The death of Caesar made the Ides
Of March a turning point in Roman history, as one of the events
that marked the transition from the historical period known as the
Roman Republic to the Roman Empire. Although March (Martius) was
the third month of the Julian calendar, in the oldest Roman
calendar it was the first month of the year. A new series of civil
wars broke out in the aftermath of Julius Caesar's assassination,
and the constitutional government of the Republic was never fully
restored. Caesar's great-nephew and adopted heir Octavian, later
known as Augustus, rose to sole power after defeating his
opponents in the last civil war of the Roman Republic. Octavian
set about solidifying his power, and the era of the Roman Empire
began. Caesar was an accomplished author and historian as well as
a statesman; much of his life is known from his own accounts of
his military campaigns. Other contemporary sources include the
letters and speeches of Cicero and the historical writings of
Sallust. Later biographies of Caesar by Suetonius and Plutarch are
also important sources. Caesar is considered by many historians to
be one of the greatest military commanders in history. His
cognomen was subsequently adopted as a synonym for "Emperor";
the title "Caesar" was used throughout the Roman Empire,
giving rise to modern cognates such as Kaiser and Tsar. He has
frequently appeared in literary and artistic works, and his
political philosophy, known as Caesarism, inspired politicians
into the modern era.
https://store.earthstation1.com/julius-caesar-and-the-battle-of-alesia-dvd-mp4-usb-driv4.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Genius That Was China Documentary Series DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026Death Date Unknown, c. 479: #DOTD: #RIP:
Confucious, Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher
of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history (b. September
28, 551) #dies at the age of 71 or 72 from natural causes,
burdened by the loss of both his son and his favorite disciples.
Confucius is buried on the bank of the Sishui River, to the north
of Qufu City in Shandong Province. Starting as a humble tomb, the
cemetery of Confucius had been expanded by emperors since the Han
Dynasty. To date, The Cemetery Of Confucius covers an area of 183
hectares with more than 100,000 graves of his Kong family
descendants. It is included in the World Heritage List for its
cultural and architectural value. Confucius was born Kong Qiu in
Zou, State of Lu (modern-day Nanxin, Qufu, Shandong, China). It is
also Teachers' Day, in Taiwan and Chinese-Filipino schools in the
Philippines, when ceremonies dedicated to Confucius are also
observed. He was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and
philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history, a
period in Chinese history from approximately 771 to 476 BC (or
according to some authorities until 403 BC which corresponds
roughly to the first half of the Eastern Zhou Period. The period's
name derives from the Spring and Autumn Annals, a chronicle of the
state of Lu between 722 and 479 BC, which tradition associates
with Confucius (551-479 BC). The philosophy of Confucius
emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of
social relationships, justice and sincerity. His followers
competed successfully with many other schools during the Hundred
Schools of Thought era only to be suppressed in favor of the
Legalists during the Qin Dynasty. Following the victory of Han
over Chu after the collapse of Qin, Confucius' thoughts received
official sanction and were further developed into a system known
in the West as Confucianism. Confucius is traditionally credited
with having authored or edited many of the Chinese classic texts
including all of the Five Classics, but modern scholars are
cautious of attributing specific assertions to Confucius himself.
Aphorisms concerning his teachings were compiled in the Analects,
but only many years after his death. Confucius' principles had a
basis in common Chinese tradition and belief. He championed strong
family loyalty, ancestor veneration, and respect of elders by
their children and of husbands by their wives. He also recommended
family as a basis for ideal government. He espoused the well-known
principle "Do not do to others what you do not want done to
yourself", the Golden Rule. Confucius is also a traditional
deity in Daoism.
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-genius-that-was-china-dvd-tv-documentary-series-2-disc-se2.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Secret
Files: History Of Washington, Israel & The Gulf DVD, MP4, USB
Today, January 1, 2026Birthdate Unknown, 1920, 1921 or 1923:
#BOTD: #HBD: Fahd Of Saudi Arabia, one of 45 sons of Saudi founder
Ibn Saud and the fourth of his six sons who were kings (Saud,
Faisal, Khalid, Fahd, Abdullah and Salman) (d. August 1, 2005) is
#born in the walled town of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Fahd bin
Abdulaziz Al Saud, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques (Arabic: Fahd
ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud) became King of Saudi Arabia upon the
death of his brother, Khalid, and would rule until his own death
23 years later. Fahd was appointed Crown Prince when his
half-brother Khalid succeeded another half-brother King Faisal,
who was assassinated in 1975. Fahd was viewed as the de facto
Prime Minister during King Khalid's reign in part due to the
latter's ill health. King Fahd is credited for having introduced
the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia in 1992. He suffered a debilitating
stroke in 1995, after which he was unable to continue performing
his full official duties. His half-brother Abdullah, the country's
Crown Prince, served as de facto regent of the kingdom, and
succeeded Fahd as monarch upon his death. Fahd Of Saudi Arabia
died at 07:30 at King Faisal Specialist Hospital in Riyadh Saudi
Arabia aged 84. He is buried at Al-Oud Cemetery in Riyadh, Saudi
Arabi.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Story Of Civilization: Will & Ariel Durant DVD, MP3 Download,
USB
Today, January 1, 2026Birthdate Unknown, 20 BC: #BOTD: Sejanus,
Roman soldier, friend and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius,
prefect of the Praetorian Guard, of which he was commander from AD
14 until his execution (d. October 18, 31 AD) is #born Lucius
Aelius Sejanus at Volsinii, Etruria, into Equites class family of
the Seii. While the Praetorian Guard, the Roman imperial
bodyguard, had been formally established under Emperor Augustus,
Sejanus introduced a number of reforms which saw the unit evolve
beyond a mere bodyguard into a powerful and influential branch of
the government involved in public security, civil administration
and ultimately political intercession; these changes had a lasting
impact on the course of the Principate. During the 20s, Sejanus
gradually accumulated power by consolidating his influence over
Tiberius and eliminating potential political opponents, including
the emperor's son Drusus Julius Caesar. When Tiberius withdrew to
Capri in AD 26, Sejanus was left in control of the administration
of the empire. For a time the most influential and feared citizen
of Rome, Sejanus suddenly fell from power in AD 31, the year his
career culminated with the consulship. Sejanus #dies when the
Senate convenes that evening at The Temple Of Concord and
summarily condemn Sejanus to death and execution, along with his
followers, for treason after their arrest on suspicions of
conspiracy against the Roman Emperor Tiberius. He was taken from
prison and strangled, after which his body was cast onto The
Gemonian Stairs, nicknamed "The Stairs Of Mourning", the
infamous place of execution in Roman history, a flight of steps
located in the central part of Rome, leading from the Arx of the
Capitoline Hill down to the Roman Forum, roughly coinciding with
the current Via Di San Pietro in Carcere, past the ruins of the
Mamertine Prison. Here the condemned were usually strangled before
their bodies were bound and desecrated. Corpses were usually left
to rot on the staircase for extended periods of time in full view
of the Forum, scavenged by dogs or other carrion animals, until
eventually being thrown into the Tiber. Death on the stairs was
considered extremely dishonourable and dreadful. Riots ensued in
the aftermath of Sejanus' execution, in which mobs hunted down and
killed anyone they could link to Sejanus. The Praetorian Guard,
whom Sejanus had led as their Prefect, resorted to looting when
they were accused of having conspired with him. Following the
Senate's issue of a Damnatio Memoriae (Latin: "Condemnation
Of Memory" , "Damnation Of Memory"), Sejanus's
statues were torn down and his name obliterated from all public
records, even from coins.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: 50
Years Together: Channel 2 And You WCBS-TV (1991) DVD MP4 USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026January 1-13, 1966: Labor Union Disputes
(Trade Union Disputes): Strikes (Strike Actions, Labor Strikes,
Labour Strikes): Transportation Strikes: New York City Transit
Strikes: The 1966 New York City Transit Strike: -- The 1966 New
York City Transit Strike begins as the last trains rolled at 8:02
am. The strike was called by the The Transit Workers Union (TWU)
and the Amalgamated Transit Union (ATU) after the expiration of
their contract with the TA. An injunction to end the strike was
issued later that day, under the 1947 Condon-Wadlin Act. On
January 2, the TWU reduced its economic demands, but the TA
responded only by getting a judge's order for the arrest of eight
union leaders involved in the strike, including TWU's founder,
Irish-born Mike Quill, who had been the union's president since
its founding at a Clan na Gael' Irish republican meeting in a
cafeteria at Columbus Circle on April 12, 1934; the other leaders
were Matthew Guinan, Frank Sheehan, Daniel Gilmartin, Ellis Van
Riper, and Mark Kavanagh of the TWU and John Rowland, William
Mangus, and Frank Kleess of the ATU. . The arrests were set for 1
a.m. on January 4. Quill was obviously in ill health, but
immediately before his arrest he told reporters at the Americana
Hotel, "The judge can drop dead in his black robes. I don't
care if I rot in jail. I will not call off the strike." Quill
spent little time in jail: his poor health soon had him
transferred to Bellevue Hospital and later to Mount Sinai Medical
Hospital, leaving TWU Secretary-Treasurer Doug MacMahon (a close
associate of Quill's, with him since the union's founding) to lead
the strike. On January 10, 15,000 workers picketed City Hall.
Negotiations moved forward through mediators, with movement from
both sides until a final agreement was reached on January 13th.
The strike effectively ended all service on the subway and buses
in the city, affecting millions of commuters. It was an ominous
beginning for the mayoralty of John V. Lindsay, but is perhaps
better remembered for the jailing of Quill and for his death only
weeks afterwards; Quill's health at first seemed to be improving;
he was actually released from hospital January 25. He gave a
speech to the victorious strikers and another press conference at
the Americana, but the apparent improvement in his health was an
illusion: he died on January 28. The strike led to the passage of
he Public Employees Fair Employment Act, popularly known as The
Taylor Law, named after labor researcher George W. Taylor, which
redefined the rights and limitations of unions for public
employees in New York. It authorizes a governor-appointed State
Public Employment Relations Board to resolve contract disputes for
public employees while curtailing their right to strike. The law
provides for mediation and binding arbitration to give voice to
unions, but work stoppages are made punishable with fines and jail
time. The United Federation of Teachers and the Uniformed
Sanitationmen's Association challenged the Taylor Law at its
inception in 1967. Following a 2005 strike, Transit Workers'
president Roger Toussaint was incarcerated for three days under a
Taylor Law ruling. At 1:37 A.M. on January 13, TWU announced
through its Secretary-Treasurer Doug MacMahon that they were
recommending settlement of the strike after reaching an agreement
on a benefits package with The New York City Transit Authority
(TA). The package, worth over 60M USD, included wages increases
from 3.18 USD to 4.14 USD an hour, an additional paid holiday,
increased pension benefits, and other gains. Gains averaged nine
percent for the next eight years.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Abraham
Lincoln: A New Birth Of Freedom Documentary DVD, MP4, USB
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 2015: #DOTD: #RIP: Mario
Cuomo, American lawyer and politician, standard-bearer for the
Democrats in presidential elections, nicknamed "Hamlet On The
Hudson" for his declining to seek the Democratic nomination
for president in both 1988 and 1992 despite being a front-runner
for both nominations, three-term 52nd Governor Of New York,
Liberal member of the Democratic Party, serving as Secretary Of
State Of New York from 1975 to 1978 and as Lieutenant Governor of
New York from 1979 to 1982, father of former New York governor
Andrew Cuomo and television anchor Christopher Cuomo (1983-1994)
(b. June 15, 1932) #dies of heart failure at his home in Manhattan
at 5:15 p.m. EST, at the age of 82, the afternoon of the day his
son Andrew Cuomo's was sworn in for his second term as Governor Of
New York. As the elder Cuomo was not well enough to attend the
inaugural ceremony, his son remarked, "He is in the heart and
mind of every person who is here. He is here and his inspiration
and his legacy and his experience is what has brought the state to
this point." Cuomo's wake was held on January 5, 2015, and
his funeral was held at Saint Ignatius Loyola Church in Manhattan
on January 6. He is interred at St. John Cemetery, in Middle
Village, Queens. Mario Cuomo was born Mario Matthew Cuomo in the
Briarwood section of the New York City borough of Queens to a
family of Italian origin. His grandfather Donato came to the US in
1896. Mario Cuomo's father, Andrea Cuomo, was born in New York
City in 1901 but in 1904, aged two or three, was taken back to a
mountain village outside Salerno, Campania, returning to the USA
on his US passport more than two decades later. Andrea Cuomo was
from Nocera Superiore, Campania, and his mother, Immacolata
Giordano, was from Tramonti, Campania. The family ran Kessler's
Grocery Store in South Jamaica, Queens. Cuomo attended New York
City P.S. 50 and St. John's Preparatory School. Cuomo was a
baseball player and while attending St. John's University in 1952,
he signed as an outfielder with the Pittsburgh Pirates for a 2K
USD bonus, which he used to help purchase his wife Matilda's
engagement ring. Cuomo played for the Brunswick Pirates of the
Class D Georgia-Florida League where his teammates included future
major leaguer Fred Green; Cuomo attained a .244 batting average
and played center field until he was struck in the back of the
head by a pitch. Batting helmets were not yet required equipment,
and Cuomo's injury was severe enough that he was hospitalized for
six days. After his recovery, Cuomo gave up baseball and returned
to St. John's University, earning his bachelor's degree summa cum
laude in 1953. Deciding on a legal career, Cuomo attended St.
John's University School of Law and graduated tied for first in
his class in 1956. Cuomo clerked for Judge Adrian P. Burke of the
New York Court of Appeals. Despite having been a top student, the
ethnic prejudice of the time led to his rejection by more than 50
law firms before he was hired by a small but established office in
Brooklyn. During his tenure at the law firm of Comer, Weisbrod,
Froeb and Charles, Cuomo represented Fred Trump. Cuomo eventually
became a partner at the firm, but stepped down in 1974 to become
New York Secretary of State. (In 1989, after nine years of bitter
charges, involving the oldest case in the State Supreme Court in
Brooklyn at that time, Gov. Mario M. Cuomo and his former law firm
agreed to end a civil suit over whether he had a right to share in
more than 4M USD in legal fees. Both sides claimed victory, though
it was unclear what financial settlement Cuomo received; a lawyer
for Cuomo said he expected the Governor would obtain a
''substantial sum of money'' as a result of the case; the case, a
thicket of suits and countersuits, had been so bitter that at one
point a judicial referee felt warned the lawyers that the first
one to throw a punch would be fined 250 USD.) In addition to
practicing law, Cuomo worked as an adjunct professor at St. John's
University School of Law. Cuomo was known for his liberal views
and public speeches, particularly his keynote speech address at
the 1984 Democratic National Convention in which he sharply
criticized the policies of the Reagan administration, saying, "Mr.
President, you ought to know that this nation is more a 'Tale Of
Two Cities' than it is just a shining "City On A Hill.'"
Cuomo was defeated for a fourth term as governor by George Pataki
in the Republican Revolution of 1994. He subsequently retired from
politics and joined the New York City law firm of Willkie Farr &
Gallagher.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Props
And Jets: Strange Shapes & Flying Wings + Bonus MP4 Download
DVD
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 1997: Aviation: The History Of
Aviation: The History Of Military Aviation: Aircraft Service
Entries: Military Aircraft Service Entries: -- The Northrop (later
Northrop Grumman) B-2 Spirit, also known as the Stealth Bomber, an
American heavy penetration strategic bomber, featuring low
observable stealth technology designed for penetrating dense
anti-aircraft defenses, a flying wing design with a crew of two.
It flew its maiden flight on July 17, 1989. The B-2 can deploy
both conventional and thermonuclear weapons, such as eighty 500 lb
(230 kg)-class (Mk 82) JDAM Global Positioning System-guided
bombs, or sixteen 2,400 lb (1,100 kg) B83 nuclear bombs. The B-2
is the only acknowledged aircraft that can carry large
air-to-surface standoff weapons in a stealth configuration.
Development started under the "Advanced Technology Bomber"
(ATB) project during the Carter administration; its expected
performance was one of his reasons for the cancellation of the
supersonic B-1A bomber. The ATB project continued during the
Reagan administration, but worries about delays in its
introduction led to the reinstatement of the B-1 program. Program
costs rose throughout development. Designed and manufactured by
Northrop, later Northrop Grumman, the cost of each aircraft
averaged 737M USD (in 1997 dollars). Total procurement costs
averaged 929M USD per aircraft, which includes spare parts,
equipment, retrofitting, and software support. The total program
cost, which included development, engineering and testing,
averaged 2.1B USD per aircraft in 1997. Because of its
considerable capital and operating costs, the project was
controversial in the U.S. Congress. The winding-down of the Cold
War in the latter portion of the 1980s dramatically reduced the
need for the aircraft, which was designed with the intention of
penetrating Soviet airspace and attacking high-value targets.
During the late 1980s and 1990s, Congress slashed plans to
purchase 132 bombers to 21. In 2008, a B-2 was destroyed in a
crash shortly after takeoff, though the crew ejected safely.
Twenty B-2s are in service with the United States Air Force, which
plans to operate them until 2032. The B-2 is capable of
all-altitude attack missions up to 50,000 feet (15,000 m), with a
range of more than 6,000 nautical miles (6,900 mi; 11,000 km) on
internal fuel and over 10,000 nautical miles (12,000 mi; 19,000
km) with one midair refueling. It entered service in 1997 as the
second aircraft designed to have advanced stealth technology after
the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk attack aircraft. Though designed
originally as primarily a nuclear bomber, the B-2 was first used
in combat dropping conventional, non-nuclear ordnance in the
Kosovo War in 1999. It later served in Iraq, Afghanistan, and
Libya.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Rolling
Stones Some Girls Outtakes Paris LA Nassau 1977-78 MP3 Set CD
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 1953: #DOTD: #RIP: Hank
Williams, American Country, Western Honky-Tonk, Gospel, and Blues
singer-songwriter and guitarist, regarded as one of the most
significant and influential American singers and songwriters of
the 20th century, who recorded 55 singles that reached the top 10
of the Billboard Country & Western Best Sellers chart, five of
which were released posthumously, and 12 of which reached No.1 (b.
September 17, 1923) #dies aged 29 of a heart attack, caused by
insufficiency of the right ventricle of the heart, after years of
back pain, alcoholism, and prescription drug abuse which severely
compromised his health, dying under controversial cicrumstances in
the back seat of a car near Oak Hill, West Virginia, en route to a
New Year's Day 1953 concert at the Canton Memorial Auditorium in
Canton, Ohio, having hired college student Charles Carr to drive
him there. The result of the original autopsy indicated that
Williams died of a heart attack; author Colin Escott concluded in
his book Hank Williams: The Biography that the cause of death was
heart failure caused by the combination of alcohol, morphine and
chloral hydrate, the latter then used at that time for short-term
treatment of insomnia and as a sedative before minor medical or
dental treatment. The investigating officer in Oak Hill declared
later that Carr told him that he had pulled over at the Skyline
Drive-In restaurant outside Oak Hill, and found Williams dead.
Having interviewed Carr, the best that Peter Cooper of The
Tennessean could offer was that "somewhere between Mount Hope
and Oak Hill", Carr noticed Williams' blanket had fallen off.
"I saw that the overcoat and blanket that had been covering
Hank had slipped off," Carr told another reporter. "When
I pulled it back up, I noticed that his hand was stiff and cold."
When he tried to move his hands, they snapped back to the same
position the hotel porters had arranged him in. Carr told Cooper
this happened at the side of the road six miles from Oak Hill, but
investigating officer Howard Janney placed it in the Skyline
Drive-In restaurant's parking lot, noting that Carr sought help
from a Skyline employee. Another researcher decided it could have
happened at any of the gas stations near Mount Hope. Regardless,
Carr said he next drove to "a cut-rate gas station". "I
went inside and an older guy, around 50, came back out with me,
looked in the back seat, and said, 'I think you've got a problem'.
He was very kind, and said Oak Hill General Hospital was six miles
on my left," and that would place him in Mount Hope. They
later drove to Oak Hill in search of a hospital, stopping at a
Pure Oil station on the edge of town. Carr's account of how he
discovered that Williams was dead outside Oak Hill is challenged
by Dr. Leo Killorn, a Canadian intern at Beckley hospital, West
Virginia, fifteen miles from Oak Hill, who claims that Carr drove
up to the hospital and asked him to see Williams. Killorn stated
that the fact that Carr told him it was Hank Williams caused him
to remember the incident. Carr was exhausted and, according to the
police reports, nervous enough to invite suspicion that foul play
had been involved in Williams' death.Williams' body was
transported to Montgomery, Alabama on January 2. It was placed in
a silver coffin that was first shown at his mother's boarding
house at 318 McDounough Street for two days. His funeral took
place on January 4 at the Montgomery Auditorium, with his coffin
placed on the flower-covered stage. During the ceremony, Ernest
Tubb sang "Beyond The Sunset" followed by Roy Acuff with
"I Saw The Light" and Red Foley with "Peace In The
Valley". An estimated 15,000 to 25,000 people passed by the
silver coffin, and the auditorium was filled with 2,750 mourners.
During the funeral four women fainted and a fifth was carried out
of the auditorium in hysterics after falling at the foot of the
casket. His funeral was said to have been far larger than any ever
held for any other citizen of Alabama, and the largest event ever
held in Montgomery, surpassing Jefferson Davis' inauguration as
President of the Confederacy. Around two tons of flowers were
sent. Williams's remains are interred at the Oakwood Annex in
Montgomery. Hank Williams was born Hiram King Williams in the
rural community of Mount Olive, Alabama. Raised in Alabama,
Williams learned guitar from African-American blues musician Rufus
Payne. Both Payne and Roy Acuff significantly influenced his
musical style. After winning an amateur talent contest, Williams
began his professional career in Montgomery in the late 1930s
playing on local radio stations and at area venues such as school
houses, movie theaters, and bars. He formed the Drifting Cowboys
backup band, which was managed by his mother, and dropped out of
school to devote his time to his career. Because his alcoholism
made him unreliable, he was fired and rehired several times by
radio station WSFA, and had trouble replacing several of his band
members who were drafted during World War II. In 1944, Williams
married Audrey Sheppard, who competed with his mother to control
his career. After recording "Never Again" and "Honky
Tonkin'" with Sterling Records, he signed a contract with MGM
Records. He released the hit single "Move It On Over" in
1947 and joined the Louisiana Hayride radio program. The next year
he released a cover of "Lovesick Blues", which quickly
reached number one on Bilboard's Top Country & Western singles
chart and propelled him to stardom on the Grand Ole Opry. Although
unable to read or notate music to any significant degree, he wrote
such iconic hits as "Your Cheatin' Heart", "Hey,
Good Lookin'", and "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry".
In 1952, Audrey divorced him and he married Billie Jean Horton. He
was dismissed by the Grand Ole Opry because of his unreliability
and alcoholism. Despite his relatively brief career, he is one of
the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century,
especially in country music. Many artists have covered his songs
and he has influenced Chuck Berry, Elvis Presley, Waylon Jennings,
Johnny Cash, Bob Dylan, and the Rolling Stones, among others. He
was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1961, the
Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
in 1987, the Native American Music Awards Hall of Fame in 1999,
and gained a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2010, he was
posthumously awarded a Pulitzer Prize Special Citation for his
"craftsmanship as a songwriter who expressed universal
feelings with poignant simplicity and played a pivotal role in
transforming country music into a major musical and cultural force
in American life."
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: It Was
Twenty Years Ago Today: 1967 & Sgt. Pepper DVD MP4 USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 1942: #BOTD: #HBD! Country Joe
McDonald, American singer, songwriter, musician and anti-Vietnam
War activist who was the lead vocalist of the 1960s psychedelic
rock group Country Joe And The Fish, is #born Joseph Allen
McDonald in Washington, D.C.; he was named after Joseph Stalin
because his father, telephone company worker Worden McDonald, son
of a minister from Oklahoma of Scottish Presbyterian heritage, and
his mother, Florence Plotnick, daughter of Russian Jewish
immigrants who served for many years as Berkeley's City Auditor,
were both were Communist Party members; they later renounced the
cause. Joe McDonald grew up in El Monte, California, where he was
student conductor and president of his high school marching band.
At the age of 17, he enlisted in the U.S. Navy for three years and
was stationed in Japan. After his enlistment, he attended Los
Angeles City College for a year. In the early 1960s, he began
busking on Telegraph Avenue in Berkeley, California. McDonald has
recorded 33 albums and has written hundreds of songs over a career
spanning 60 years. In 1965, he and Barry Melton co-founded Country
Joe & the Fish which became a pioneer psychedelic rock band
with their eclectic performances at the Avalon Ballroom, the
Fillmore Auditorium, the 1967 Monterey Pop Festival, and both the
1969 original and 1979 reunion Woodstock Festivals. "Legendary
Artists: Sounds of San Francisco" at an Audio Engineering
Society convention in 2012. Their best-known song is his "The
"Fish" Cheer/I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag"
(1965), a black comedy novelty song about the Vietnam War, whose
familiar chorus ("One, two, three, what are we fighting
for?") is well known to the Woodstock generation and Vietnam
veterans of the 1960s and '70s. McDonald wrote the song in about
20 minutes for an anti-Vietnam War play. The "Fish Cheer"
was the band performing a call-and-response with the audience,
spelling the word "fish", followed by Country Joe
yelling, "What's that spell?" twice, with the audience
responding, and then, the third time, "What's that spell?",
followed immediately by the song. The "Fish Cheer"
evolved into the "Fuck Cheer" after the Berkeley Free
Speech Movement. The cheer was on the original recording of
"I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag", being played right
before the song on the LP of the same name. The cheer became
popular and the crowd would spell out F-I-S-H when the band
performed live. During the summer of 1968 the band played on the
Schaefer Music Festival tour. Gary "Chicken" Hirsh
suggested before one of the shows to spell the word "fuck"
instead of "fish". Although the crowd loved it, the
management of the Schaefer Beer Festival did not and kicked the
band off the tour for life. The Ed Sullivan Show then canceled a
previously scheduled appearance by the band, telling them to keep
the money they had already been paid in exchange for never playing
on the show. The modified cheer continued at most of the band's
live shows throughout the years, including Woodstock and
elsewhere. In Worcester, Massachusetts, McDonald was arrested for
obscenity and fined 500 USD for uttering "fuck" in
public. McDonald subsequently embarked on a solo career. One of
his solo albums, the 1973 Vanguard LP Paris Sessions, was reviewed
by Robert Christgau in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of
the Seventies (1981), in which he said: "Amazing. The man
(repeat: man) has written feminist songs that are both catchy and
sensible. Despite the real/honest prison poem and the silly,
outdated record fan routines, his best in about five years."
In 2003 McDonald was sued for copyright infringement over his
signature song, specifically the "One, two, three, what are
we fighting for?" chorus part, as derived from the 1926 early
jazz classic "Muskrat Ramble", co-written by Kid Ory.
The suit was brought by Ory's daughter Babette, who held the
copyright at the time. Since decades had already passed from the
time McDonald composed his song in 1965, Ory based her suit on a
new version of it recorded by McDonald in 1999. The court,
however, upheld McDonald's laches defense, noting that Ory and her
father were aware of the original version of the song, with the
same questionable section, for some three decades without bringing
a suit. In 2006, Ory was ordered to pay McDonald 395K USD for
attorney fees and had to sell her copyrights to do so. In 2004,
McDonald regrouped with three of the original members of Country
Joe And The Fish (Bruce Barthol, David Bennett Cohen, and Gary
"Chicken" Hirsh) and they toured the United States and
the United Kingdom as the "Country Joe Band". In 2005,
McDonald joined a larger protest against California Governor
Arnold Schwarzenegger's proposed budget cuts at the California
State Capitol Building. Later in 2005, political commentator Bill
O'Reilly compared McDonald to Cuban President Fidel Castro,
remarking on McDonald's involvement in Cindy Sheehan's protests
against the Iraq War. In 2015, McDonald (with assistance from Alec
Palao), formed The Electric Music Band; the intention of the group
was to perform the early psychedelic material of the early career
of Country Joe And The Fish. The band has performed Electric Music
For The Mind And Body in its entirety, and band members include
Palao, the Rain Parade's Matt Piucci and Derek See of the
Chocolate Watchband. In 2017, McDonald released an album on his
own Rag Baby label entitled 50. In 2019, McDonald was scheduled to
play on Woodstock's 50th Anniversary festival, which was cancelled
after negotiations between partners failed. McDonald was married
to Kathe Werum from 1963 to 1966. McDonald has noted that his
girlfriend at the time, Janis Joplin, showed much anger for
breaking up with her to be with Robin Menken but asked him to
write a song about her; the result was "Janis". On March
31, 1968, McDonald married Robin Menken, a year after his divorce
from Werum. In 1968, Menken gave birth to the couple's first
daughter, Seven Anne McDonald, in San Francisco. Seven had a
career as a TV child actor in the late 1970s and early 1980s,
managed Johnny Depp's Viper Room nightclub and the alternative
rock band Smashing Pumpkins in the 1990s, and wrote for Details,
Elle, LA Weekly and Harper's Bazaar magazines in the 1990s and
2000s. Seven was the subject of and inspiration behind the song
"Silver and Gold". Seven's name was the inspiration
behind the character Six on Blossom, cited by Don Reo on PeopleTV
special Blossom Cast Reunion aired 2017, timestamp 10:07-10:33.
Don's son went to school with Seven, Don asked his son if she
would be cool with his naming a character Seven, Seven said no, so
it was either Six or Eight. McDonald has four other children,
Devin (b. 1976) and Tara (b. 1980) from his marriage to Janice
Taylor, and Emily (b. 1988) and Ryan (b. 1991) from his marriage
to Kathy Wright. As of 2025, McDonald lives in Berkeley,
California.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Lost
Ernie Kovacs TV Show Collection DVD, MP4 Download, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 1994: #DOTD: #RIP: Cesar
Romero, American actor and activist, star of film, radio, and
television for almost 60 years (b. February 15, 1907) #dies 45
days short of his 87th birthday from complications of a blood clot
while being treated for bronchitis and pneumonia at Saint John's
Health Center in Santa Monica, California. His body was cremated
and the ashes were interred at Inglewood Park Cemetery, Inglewood,
California. For his contributions to the motion picture and
television industry, Romero has a star on the Hollywood Walk of
Fame at 6615 Hollywood Boulevard for film and another star at 1719
Vine Street for television. Cesar Romero was born Cesar Julio
Romero Jr. in New York City, the son of Maria Mantilla
(1880-1962), a concert singer and said to be the biological
daughter of Cuban national hero Jose Marti, and Cesar Julio Romero
Sr. (1872-1951), an import/export merchant emigre from Barcelona,
Spain. He was a first cousin of silent film star Emerson Romero,
who was a few years older than Cesar and who came to New York in
1907 to attend a school for the deaf. Cesar Romero had a wide
range of screen roles, which included Latin lovers, historical
figures in costume dramas, characters in light domestic comedies,
and the Joker on the live action Batman television series of the
mid-1960s, which was included in TV Guide's 2013 list of The 60
Nastiest Villains of All Time. He was the first actor to play the
character. Romero never married and had no children. Many
Hollywood historians and biographers have speculated on Romero's
being very private about his sexuality. In 1996, Boze Hadleigh
wrote a book, Hollywood Gays, containing a series of claimed
interviews in which Romero allegedly came out. Romero died two
years before the book was released, and while many of the
interviews in the book are disputed as possible forgeries, many
are not disputed. Charlie Harper, lead singer of English punk band
UK Subs, is reportedly a nephew of Romero.
https://store.earthstation1.com/lost-ernie-kovacs-dual-layer-dvd-old-time-tv-shows.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Black
Civil Rights Films: African-American History DVD, MP4, USB Stick
Today, January 1, 2026Birthdate Unknown, 1849 / Death Date
Unknown, 1921: #BOTD: #HBD! #DOTD: #RIP: Andrew Jackson Beard,
African American inventor and businessman, is #born Andrew Jackson
Beard into slavery in 1849 in Woodland, Alabama, and spent the
first fifteen years of his life as a slave on a small farm in
Eastlake, Alabama. A year after he was emancipated, he married and
became a farmer in Pinson, a city just outside Birmingham,
Alabama. In 1872, after working in a flour mill in Hardwicks,
Alabama, Beard built his own flour mill, which he operated
successfully for many years. On July 5, 1892 Beard was granted
patent numbers 433,847 and 478,271 for his rotary steam engine.
Andrew Beard went on to patent two improvements to the Janney
coupler, the hook that kept railroad cars together, and Beard
enabled it to operate without the dangerous task of manually
placing a pin in a link between the two cars; Beard himself had
lost a leg in a car coupling accident. Thanks to his design, the
coupling could be now performed automatically. Beard's railroad
car coupler improvement included two horizontal jaws, which
automatically locked together upon joining. Beard's improved
coupler was the first automatic coupler widely used in the US.
Andrew Bear was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame
in Akron, Ohio in 2006 for this achievement. In 1887, the same
year Beard's first improvement of the automatic coupler was
patented, the US Congress passed the Federal Safety Appliance Act,
which made it illegal to operate any railroad car without
automatic couplers. Little is known about the period of time from
Beard's last patent application in 1897 up until his death, but he
reportedly became paralyzed and impoverished in his later years.
His death and burial details are unknown.
https://store.earthstation1.com/black-civil-rights-films-africanamerican-history-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Rachmaninoff: Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom DVD, MP4, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026Birthdate Unknown, 347: #BOTD: #HBD! John
Chrysostom, known in the Eastern Ortodox Church as Saint John
Chrysostom (d. September 14, 407) is #born in Antioch, Roman Syria
(modern-day Antakya, Hatay, Turkey. He was was an important Early
Church Father who served as archbishop of Constantinople. He is
known for his preaching and public speaking, his denunciation of
abuse of authority by both ecclesiastical and political leaders,
Divine Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom, and his ascetic
sensibilities. The epithet Chrysostomos, anglicized as Chrysostom
(Greek: "golden-mouthed") denotes his celebrated
eloquence. Chrysostom was among the most prolific authors in the
early Christian Church, although both Origen of Alexandria and
Augustine of Hippo exceeded Chrysostom. He is honoured as a saint
in the Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican,
and Lutheran churches, as well as in some others. The Eastern
Orthodox, together with the Byzantine Catholics, hold him in
special regard as one of the Three Holy Hierarchs (alongside Basil
the Great and Gregory of Nazianzus). The feast days of John
Chrysostom in the Eastern Orthodox Church are 14 September, 13
November and 27 January. In the Roman Catholic Church he is
recognized as a Doctor of the Church. John Chrysostom died in
exile at Comana Pontica (an ancient city located in ancient
Pontus, now in modern Turkey) in the Presbyterium (community of
the clergy) belonging to the church of Saint Basiliscus of Comana,
while he was journeying into exile from Cucusus, Cappadocia in
Anatolia (modern day Turkey) to Pitiunt (Pityus) (modern Pitsunda,
in modern Georgia). His last words are said to have been "Glory
be to God for all things". He is buried at St. George's
Cathedral in Istanbul, Turkey. The causes of John's exile are not
clear, though it has been suggested that they have to do with his
connections to Arianism, a Christological doctrine first
attributed to Arius (c. AD 256-336), a Christian presbyter from
Alexandria, Egypt. Arian theology holds that Jesus Christ is the
Son of God, begotten by God the Father, but with the difference
that the Son of God did not always exist, but was begotten within
time by God the Father - therefore Jesus was not co-eternal with
God the Father. Because the date of his death is occupied by the
feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, the General Roman
Calendar celebrates him since 1970 on the previous day, 13
September; from the 13th century to 1969 it did so on 27 January,
the anniversary of the translation of his body to Constantinople.
Of other Western churches, including Anglican provinces and
Lutheran churches, some commemorate him on 13 September, others on
27 January. John Chrysostom is remembered in the Church of England
with a Lesser Festival on 13 September. The Coptic Church also
recognizes him as a saint (with feast days on 16 Thout and 17
Hathor). He was allegedly responsible for leading a mob that
destroyed the Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the
Ancient World, for the second and final time. Cyril of Alexandria
attributed the destruction of the temple to John Chrysostom,
referring to him as "the destroyer of the demons and
overthrower of the temple of Diana". A later Archbishop of
Constantinople, Proclus, praised John's actions, saying "In
Ephesus, he despoiled the art of Midas", although there is
little evidence to support this claim.
https://store.earthstation1.com/rediscovering-rachmaninoff-liturgy-of-st-john-chrysostom-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Sold
Down The River: Black Freedom Lost After Civil War DVD, MP4, USB
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 1808: The American Civil War
(The Civil War, The War Between The States): Slavery In The United
States: The Act Prohibiting Importation Of Slaves: -- The United
States bans the importation of slaves. The Act Prohibiting
Importation of Slaves of 1807 (2 Stat. 426, enacted March 2, 1807)
is a United States federal law that stated that no new slaves were
permitted to be imported into the United States. It took effect in
1808, the earliest date permitted by the United States
Constitution. This legislation was promoted by President Thomas
Jefferson, who called for its enactment in his 1806 State Of The
Union Address. He had promoted the idea since the 1770s. It
reflected the force of the general trend toward abolishing the
international slave trade which Virginia, followed by all the
other states, had prohibited or restricted since then. South
Carolina, however, had reopened its trade. Congress first
regulated against the trade in the Slave Trade Act of 1794. The
1794 Act ended the legality of American ships participating in the
trade. The 1807 law did not change that - it made all importation
from abroad, even on foreign ships, a federal crime. The domestic
slave trade within the U.S. was not affected by the 1807 law.
Indeed, with the legal supply of imported slaves terminated, the
domestic trade increased in importance. In addition, some
smuggling of slaves persisted.
https://store.earthstation1.com/sold-down-the-river-black-liberty39s-loss-after-civil-war-dvd-mp4-394.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Going
Home: Alvin Ailey Remembered Afro-American Dance DVD, MP4, USB
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 1990: New York City (New York,
NYC): The History Of New York City: Mayors Of New York City
(Mayors Of The City Of New York): First African Americans: The
Inauguration Of David Dinkins: -- David Dinkins is sworn in as New
York City's first black mayor. On November 7, 1989, voting day of
the 1989 New York City Mayoral Election, the Democratic candidate,
Manhattan Borough President David Dinkins, becomes the first
African American to be elected Mayor Of New York City. Dinkins had
defeated incumbent mayor Ed Koch in the Democratic primary to
become the Democratic mayoral candidate. He narrowly defeated the
Republican candidate, U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of
New York, Rudy Giuliani. They also faced several third party
candidates. Dinkins won with 50.42% of the vote to Giuliani's
47.84%. Whereas the two preceding mayoral elections of the 1980s
had been Democratic landslide victories, with all five boroughs
voting to re-elect incumbent Ed Koch, the 1989 election was a
closely contested race that finished with a narrow 2.58% margin of
victory for David Dinkins. Dinkins won majorities in the Bronx,
Manhattan, and Brooklyn, while Giuliani carried Queens and Staten
Island, the latter by a landslide margin. Four years later, in the
1993 election, Dinkins and Giuliani would face each other again in
a re-match and Dinkins would narrowly lose to Giuliani in his bid
for re-election.
https://store.earthstation1.com/going-home-alvin-ailey-remembered-afroamerican-dance-dvd-mp4-us4.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Shakespeare Mystery Edward de Vere William Shakespeare DVD MP4 USB
Today, January 1, 2026Birthdate Unknown, 1338 #BOTD: #HBD!
Aubrey de Vere, 10th Earl of Oxford, English politician and
nobleman (d. April 23, 1400) is #born at an unknown location, the
third son of John de Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford and Maud de
Badlesmere, daughter of Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Lord
Badlesmere. His death details are unknown. Supporters of the
Oxfordian Theory, that Shakespeare was Edward de Vere, the 17th
Earl Of Oxford, note that the birth date recorded for William
Shakespeare is the death date of Edward de Vere's predecessor
seven reigns prior.
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-shakespeare-mystery-dvd-edward-de-vere-oxfordian-theory.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Attack
On Pearl Harbor Documentaries DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 1874: #BOTD: #HBD! Frank Knox,
Rough Rider, soldier, American journalist, newspaper editor and
publisher, politician, Republican vice presidential candidate,
cabinet secretary under Franklin D, Roosevelt as the 46th United
States Secretary of the Navy until his death (d. April 28, 1944)
is #born William Franklin Knox in Boston, Massachusetts. He
attended Alma College and served with the Rough Riders during the
Spanish-American War. After the war, he became a newspaper editor
in Grand Rapids, Michigan and a prominent supporter of the
Republican Party. He advocated U.S. entrance into World War I and
served as an artillery officer in France. The 1936 Republican
National Convention nominated a ticket of Alf Landon and Knox, and
they were defeated by Roosevelt and John Nance Garner in the 1936
election. After World War II broke out, Knox supported aid to the
Allies. In 1940, Roosevelt appointed him as Secretary of the Navy
in hopes of building bipartisan support. On December 7th, 1941,
Knox flanked by his assistant John O'Keefe walked into Roosevelt's
White House study at approximately 1:30 PM EST announcing that
Japan had attacked Pearl Harbor. He presided over a naval buildup
and pushed for the internment of Japanese Americans. Knox was
mentioned by name in Adolf Hitler's speech of December 11, 1941,
in which Hitler asked for a German declaration of war against the
United States. Frank Knox died after a brief series of heart
attacks in Washington, D.C. while still Navy Secretary. He was
buried on May 1, 1944 at Arlington National Cemetery.
https://store.earthstation1.com/attack-on-pearl-harbor-dvd-world-war-ii-documentaries.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Allied
Codebreakers Of WWI & WWII DVD MP4 Video Download USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026Birthdate Unknown, late November-December
1916: #BOTD: #HBD! Roger Pineau, Marine Corps captain, pioneer
codebreaker, government official, noted historian and publisher
(d. November 22, 1993) is #born; his birth details, as well as his
burial details, are not publicly disclosed. Roger Pineau entered
the Navy in 1942 and was commissioned after he received
Japanese-language instruction at the Navy Japanese Language School
in Boulder, Colorado. He spent the remainder of World War II at
the Naval Communications Annex in Washington, where he worked in
code-breaking operations. Through the efforts of Capt. Pineau's
colleagues, and similar units at Pearl Harbor, the Navy was able
to read many of the Japanese naval and diplomatic codes. After the
war, Capt. Pineau was an interpreter and analyst with the U.S.
Strategic Bombing Survey in Japan. In 1947, he became an assistant
to Samuel E. Morrison, a Harvard University historian and Navy
rear admiral who wrote the official Navy history of World War II.
In 1950, Capt. Pineau retired from active duty but continued to
work for the Navy's history division. He later transferred to the
State Department, serving as chief of Far East current
intelligence. After working a year with the Institute for Defense
Analyses in the early 1960s, he returned to State as a social
science officer for cultural and educational affairs. In 1965, he
joined the Smithsonian, and from 1966 to 1972, was managing editor
of the Smithsonian Institution Press. He was then recalled to
active duty as director of the Navy Memorial Museum. He retired
from that post in 1978. During the 1950s and 1960s, he had held a
variety of assignments as a Navy reserve officer, including tours
as a naval aide to Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy and Nixon. His
Navy decorations included the Meritorious Service Medal. Capt.
Pineau wrote, translated and edited numerous books dealing with
the Pacific campaigns and personalities of World War II. Capt.
Pineau and retired Navy Rear Adm. Edwin T. Layton, who was Pacific
Fleet intelligence officer during the war, and British writer John
Costello wrote "And I Was There, Pearl Harbor and Midway --
Breaking the Secrets," a 1985 book that told of the
intelligence work that figured in the tragedy and later triumph of
the war. He also wrote the chapter entitled "Isoroku
Yamamoto," a profile of the legendary Japanese admiral, which
appeared in "The War Lords," an acclaimed 1976
collection of military profiles edited by British Field Marshal
Sir Michael Carver. Roger Pineau died aged 76 of cardiovascular
disease at Suburban Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland, the same town in
which he lived at the time. He was survived by his wife, the
former Maxine J. Good, whom he married in 1942 and with whom he
had four children.
https://store.earthstation1.com/allied-codebreakers-of-wwi-amp-wwii-dvd-mp4-video-download-usb-driv4.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Charlie Chaplin Carnival, Festival & Cavalcade DVD, MP4, USB
Drive
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 1938: Aesthetics: Performing
Arts: Premieres: Film Premieres: American Film Premieres: --
Charlie Chaplin Carnival, a compilation film with sound of silent
movie shorts Chaplin made with the Mutual Film Corporation, is
released in the United States. Charlie Chaplin composed added a
musical score and added sound effects to this compilation of his
Mutual shorts "Behind the Screen", "The Count",
"The Fireman", and "The Vagabond", and
retitled them "Property Man's Assistant / Tailor's Apprentice
/ Fireman / Street Musician".
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-charlie-chaplin-carnival-festival-and-cavalcade-dvd-12-sound-fil12.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Language Of War: Military Double-Talk DVD Download USB Flash Drive
Today, January 1, 2026Birthdate Unknown, 1926: Dr. Sanford
Gottlieb, nicknamed Sandy, television journalist, head of The
National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE) for 14 years,
director of New Directions and United Campuses to Prevent Nuclear
War, program head of The Center For Defense Information (CDI) who,
thanks to his activism, was included on President Nixon's "Enemies
List" and was denied a visa to the Soviet Union (d. July 29,
2022) was born in Brooklyn in 1926, the son of Helen and Sydney
Gottlieb. Thanks to the GI Bill, he attended Dartmouth College,
class of 1946. A year later, he married fellow Brooklynite Gladys
Blumenthal, and they moved to Paris where he attended the Institut
d'Etudes Politiques and the Sorbonne, where he obtained his
doctorate. They returned to New York in 1952; he worked in the
labor movement for the rest of the decade. Even before the
anti-war presidential campaign of Senator Eugene McCarthy in 1968,
he pushed the peace movement to engage in electoral politics.
After relocating to Kensington, Maryland from 1960-1994 he devoted
his life as a leader of grassroots campaigns for a limited test
ban treaty; a negotiated end to the Vietnam War; a boycott of
President Reagan's Star Wars program; and reduced military
spending. After his retirement, he authored two books, "Defense
Addiction: Can America Kick the Habit" (1997) and "Red
to Blue: Congressman Van Hollen and Grassroots Politics"
(2009). Sanford Gottlieb died after a period of declining health,
aged 93-94. He was survived by his wife Gladys, with whom he would
have celebrated 75 years of marriage that September; children
Steve (Hong), Barbara (Jose) and Gordon (Rob); his granddaughter
Miranda; and many nieces and nephews.
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-language-of-war-dvd-military-doubletalk.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Restless Conscience: Resistance To Hitler In Germany DVD MP4 USB
Drive
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 1887: #BOTD: #HBD! Wilhelm
Canaris, German admiral and chief of the Abwehr, the German
military intelligence service, from 1935 to 1944 (d. April 9,
1945) is #born Wilhelm Franz Canaris in Aplerbeck (now a part of
Dortmund) in Westphalia, Kingdom of Prussia (modern German state
of North Rhine-Westphalia). Wilhelm Canaris was initially a
supporter of Adolf Hitler, but by 1939 he had turned against the
Nazis as he felt Germany would lose another major war. During the
World War II he was among the military officers involved in the
clandestine opposition to the Nazi Germany. He may have been
working with British Intelligence as a deep cover agent during the
war. Canaris also intervened to save a number of victims from Nazi
persecution, including Jews, by getting them out of harm's way; he
was instrumental, for example, in getting five hundred Dutch Jews
to safety in May 1941. Many such people were given token training
as Abwehr "agents" and then issued papers allowing them
to leave Germany. One notable person he is said to have assisted
was the then Lubavitcher Rebbe in Warsaw, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok
Schneersohn. This has led Chabad Lubavitch and the Jerusalam
Post's Matthew Wagner to campaign for his recognition as a
Righteous Gentile by the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial. Wilhelm
Canaris was executed by hanging naked in Flossenburg concentration
camp for high treason by the Nazi regime as it was collapsing
after it was discovered that he had tried to assassinate Hitler.
He is buried at Flossenburg Concentration Camp Memorial in
Flossenburg, Bavaria, Germany.
https://store.earthstation1.com/restless-conscience-resistance-to-hitler-in-germany-1933193345.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: WWII: A
History In Pictures JPGs + WWII Art Vid DVD-ROM, Download, USB
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 1884: #BOTD: Chikuhei
Nakajima, Japanese naval officer, engineer, businessman,
politician, cabinet minister and war criminal, most notable as the
founder of the Nakajima Aircraft Company in 1917, a major supplier
of airplanes in the Empire Of Japan (d. October 10, 1949) is #born
Nakajima Chikuhei in Nitta District, Gunma, (currently part of Ota
City) in the northern Kanto Plains of the island of Honshu.
Nakajima attended the Imperial Japanese Naval Engineering School,
graduating from the 15th class in 1907 and was promoted to Ensign
in 1908. On October 27, 1911, he piloted Japan's first airship. He
was also commissioned as a lieutenant in the Imperial Japanese
Navy in 1911. After graduating from the Naval Staff College in
1912, he was sent for further studies to the United States, where
he became the 3rd Japanese to receive a pilot's license upon
graduation from a flight school established by Glenn Curtiss. In
1915, he drafted the first paper advocating for the bombing of
civilians to crush a nation's resistance/morale, this is also
known as terror bombing. On his return to Japan, he designed an
improved version of the Farman float plane for the Imperial
Japanese Navy. Nakajima was dispatched as a military attache to
Europe in 1916, to observe first-hand the use of aircraft in
combat. On his return to Japan in 1917, he resigned from the
military as a Lieutenant, and opened a company to produce aircraft
in Japan in his hometown of Ota in Gunma Prefecture. Nakajima
received financial support from fellow engineer Seibei Kawanishi,
and the company was called Nihon Hikoki Seisakusho KK (Japanese
Aeroplane Manufacturing Work Co. Ltd). This company became the
Nakajima Aircraft Company after the partners split in 1919, and
the same year, the new company received its first order for 20
aircraft from the Japanese military. Nakajima first ran for public
office during the 1930 General Election, when he was elected to
the Lower House of the Diet of Japan with the support of the
Rikken Seiyukai political party. He turned control of Nakajima
Aircraft over to his brother in 1931 in order to devote his
efforts to politics full-time, and was subsequently re-elected
four times from the Gunma No. 1 Electoral District. From June 1937
through January 1939, Nakajima served as Railway Minister under
the Konoe administration. Nakajima also headed an influential
political faction within the Rikken Seiyukai. He was awarded with
the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class. Nakajima was highly
critical of the decision by Japan to declare war on the United
States, and warned of the dangers posed by America's industrial
strength and production capabilities and growing air power. He was
outraged by the decision of the Japanese military to abandon his
project for a long-range bomber capable of striking at targets in
North America. Although Nakajima was forced to join the Taisei
Yokusankai, he was vocally critical of the new political
organization. While recognizing the advantages of a one-party
system, he accused it of being unconstitutional and of attempting
to create a new shogunate. After the surrender of Japan, Prime
Minister Higashikuni asked Nakajima to accept the cabinet posts of
Minister of Munitions (which he held for a week until it was
abolished) and Minister of Commerce and Industry (which he held
for just over a month). Afterwards, he was arrested along with all
other members of the former Japanese government by the Supreme
Commander of the Allied Powers and was held in Sugamo Prison for
trial for war crimes. Nakajima was released on parole before his
trial came to court in 1947, two years before he died at his home
in Mitaka, Tokyo, Allied-occupied Japan of an intracranial
hemorrhage, aged_65. His grave is at the Tama Cemetery in Fuchu,
Tokyo.
https://store.earthstation1.com/world-war-ii-jpg-cd-a-history-in-pictures-wwii-photos.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Spanish-American War & Cuban War Of Independence DVD,
Download, USB
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 1899: The Decolonization Of
The Americas: The Cuban War Of Independence (The Necessary War):
The Spanish-American War: The Treaty Of Paris (The Treaty Of Peace
Between The United States Of America And The Kingdom Of Spain, The
Treaty of Paris Of 1898, Tratado De Paris De 1898): The Captaincy
General Of Cuba: -- In accordance with the Treaty Of Paris (1898)
that ended the Spanish-American War, Spanish rule ends in Cuba as
Spain's Captaincy General of Cuba, the Spanish Empire's
administrative district government of Cuba, ceases to operate, and
the United States Military Government in Cuba is established. In
the treaty, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over and
title to Cuba, and ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to
the United States. The Captaincy General of Cuba (Spanish:
Capitania General de Cuba) was an administrative district of the
Spanish Empire created in 1607 as part of Habsburg Spain's attempt
to better defend and administer its Caribbean possessions. It also
involved creating captaincies general in Puerto Rico, Guatemala
and Yucatan. The restructuring of the Captaincy General in 1764
was the first example of the Bourbon Reforms in America. The
changes included adding the provinces of Florida and Louisiana and
granting more autonomy to these provinces. This later change was
carried out by the Count of Floridablanca under Charles III to
strengthen the Spanish position vis-a-vis the British in the
Caribbean. A new governor-captain general based in Havana oversaw
the administration of the new district. The local governors of the
larger Captaincy General had previously been overseen in political
and military matters by the president of the Audiencia of Santo
Domingo. This audiencia retained oversight of judicial affairs
until the establishment of new audiencias in Puerto Principe
(1800) and Havana (1838). In 1825, as a result of the loss of the
mainland possessions, the Spanish government granted the
governors-captain generals of Cuba extraordinary powers in matters
of administration, justice and the treasury and in the second half
of the 19th century gave them the title of Governor General.
https://store.earthstation1.com/spanishamerican-war-films-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Fidel
Castro Documentaries DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 1959: The History Of Cuba: The
Cuban Revolution: The 26th of July Movement: Triumph Of The
Revolution Day: -- In the aftermath of the victory of the Cuban
Revolution led by Fidel Castro which established the present
government in Cuba, Fidel Castro becomes President of Cuba,
commemorated by the nation every January 1st thereafter as Triumph
of the Revolution Day (Spanish: Triunfo de la Revolucion), also
known as Liberation Day (Spanish: Dia de la Liberacion). The
previous president, Fulgencio Batista, fled the country on the
previous day, New Year's Eve (December 31) 1958. The event is
marked by military parades, fireworks and concerts throughout the
country. The first parade of the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces
on the holiday took place on the Plaza de la Revolucion in 1960.
The Cuban Revolution was an armed revolt conducted by Fidel
Castro's 26th of July Movement and its allies against the
authoritarian government of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista. The
revolution began in July 1953, and continued sporadically until
the rebels finally ousted Batista on 1 January 1959, replacing his
government with a revolutionary socialist state. The 26th of July
Movement later reformed along communist lines, becoming the
Communist Party in October 1965. The Cuban Revolution had powerful
domestic and international repercussions. In particular, it
transformed Cuba's relationship with the United States. In the
immediate aftermath of the revolution, Castro's government began a
program of nationalization and political consolidation that
transformed Cuba's economy and civil society. The revolution also
heralded an era of Cuban intervention in foreign military
conflicts, including the Angolan Civil War and the Nicaraguan
Revolution.
https://store.earthstation1.com/fidel-castro-documentaries-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Clive
James' Fame In The 20th Century TV Series DVD Set MP4 USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 1972: #DOTD: Maurice
Chevalier, French actor, singer, dancer and entertainer, best
known for his signature songs, including "Livin' In The
Sunlight", "Valentine", "Louise", "Mimi",
and "Thank Heaven for Little Girls"; for his films,
including The Love Parade, The Big Pond, The Smiling Lieutenant,
One Hour with You and Love Me Tonight ; and for his trademark
attire of a tuxedo and a boater hat (also known as a straw boater,
basher, skimmer, English Panama, cady, katie, canotier, somer,
sennit hat, or in Japan, can-can hat, suruken) (b. September 12,
1888) #dies; Chevalier suffered from bouts of depression
throughout his adult life, and on March 7, 1971, he attempted
suicide by overdosing on barbiturates. Rushed to the hospital,
Chevalier was saved but suffered liver and kidney damage as a
result of the drug. In the following months, he suffered memory
lapses, chronic tiredness, and spent much of his time alone. On
December 12, he fell ill and was taken to Paris's Necker Hospital
and placed on dialysis. By December 30, doctors announced his
kidneys were no longer responding to dialysis. Too frail for a
transplant, he underwent surgery as a last-ditch effort to save
his life. It was unsuccessful; Chevalier died from a cardiac
arrest in Paris following kidney surgery on New Year's Day 1972,
aged 83. He is interred in the cemetery of Marnes-la-Coquette in
Hauts-de-Seine, outside Paris, France with his mother, "La
Louque". Chevalier has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
at 1651 Vine Street. Author Michael Freedland later claimed in his
1981 biography of Chevalier that the actor Felix Paquet, who
became close to Chevalier during the 1960s, cut off contact with
all of his friends and family in hopes of securing access to his
fortune. Freedland alleges that Paquet, eighteen years Chevalier's
junior, intercepted mail and withheld information about Maurice's
health in the months before his death. Maurice Chevalier was born
Maurice Auguste Chevalier in Paris, France to Victor Charles
Chevalier (1854-), a French house painter, and Josephine (nee Van
Den Bossche, 1852-1929) a lace-maker of Belgian (Flemish) descent.
He made his name as a star of musical comedy, appearing in public
as a singer and dancer at an early age before working in menial
jobs as a teenager. In 1909, he became the partner of the biggest
female star in France at the time, Frehel. Although their
relationship was brief, she secured him his first major
engagement, as a mimic and a singer in l'Alcazar in Marseille, for
which he received critical acclaim by French theatre critics. In
1917, he discovered jazz and ragtime and went to London, where he
found new success at the Palace Theatre. After this, he toured the
United States, where he met the American composers George Gershwin
and Irving Berlin and brought the operetta Dede to Broadway in
1922. He developed an interest in acting and had success in Dede.
When talkies arrived, he went to Hollywood in 1928, where he
played his first American role in Innocents of Paris. In 1930, he
was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his roles
in The Love Parade (1929) and The Big Pond (1930), which secured
his first big American hits, "You Brought a New Kind of Love
to Me" and "Livin' in the Sunlight, Lovin' in the
Moonlight". In 1957, he appeared in Love in the Afternoon,
which was his first Hollywood film in more than 20 years. In 1958,
he starred with Leslie Caron and Louis Jourdan in Gigi. In the
early 1960s, he made eight films, including Can-Can in 1960 and
Fanny the following year. In 1970, he made his final contribution
to the film industry where he sang the title song of the Disney
film The Aristocats.
https://store.earthstation1.com/clive-james39-fame-in-the-20th-century-tv-series-dvd-set-mp4-usb-39204.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Frogmen 1951 Richard Widmark Dana Andrews DVD, MP4, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 1909: #BOTD: #HBD! Dana
Andrews, American film actor who became a major star in what is
now known as film noir (d. December 17, 1992) is #born Carver Dana
Andrews on a farmstead near Collins in southern Mississippi. A
leading man during the 1940s, he continued acting in less
prestigious roles and character parts into the 1980s. He is best
known for his portrayal of obsessed police detective Mark
McPherson in the noir Laura (1944) and his critically acclaimed
performance as World War II veteran Fred Derry in The Best Years
of Our Lives (1946).Dana Andrews #died of congestive heart failure
and pneumonia in Los Alamitos, California, aged 83.
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-frogmen-1951-richard-widmark-dana-andrews-dvd-mp19514.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Benny
Goodman's Camel Caravan Swing School Radio MP3 CD, Download, USB
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 1995: #DOTD: #RIP: Jess Stacy,
American jazz pianist who gained prominence during the swing era
(b. August 11, 1904) #dies of congestive heart failure in Los
Angeles, aged 90. He is buried at Westwood Memorial Park in
Westwood, Los Angeles County, California. Born Jesse Alexandria
Stacy in Bird's Point, Missouri, a small town across the
Mississippi River from Cairo, Illinois, he is perhaps best known
for his years with the Benny Goodman band during the late 1930s,
particularly his performance at Goodman's Carnegie Hall concert in
1938. His first piano teacher was Mabel Irene Bailey, who played
piano for silent movies. In 1918 Stacy moved to Cape Girardeau,
Missouri. He received his only formal music training with Clyde
Brandt, a professor of piano and violin at Southeast Missouri
State Teachers College (Southeast Missouri State University) while
sweeping at Clark's Music Store. By 1920 Stacy was playing piano
in Peg Meyer's jazz ensemble at Cape Girardeau High School, the
Bluebird Confectionary, and the Sweet Shop. Schoolmates called
them the Agony Four. By 1921, the band was known as Peg Meyer's
Melody Kings and started touring the Mississippi River on the
Majestic and other riverboats. In the early 1920s Stacy moved to
Chicago, where he performed with Paul Mares, leader of the New
Orleans Rhythm Kings, playing a genre of jazz which came to be
called "Chicago-style". Stacy cites his main influences
as Louis Armstrong and especially pianist Earl Hines, who played
piano for Armstrong and the Carroll Dickerson band. In 1935 Benny
Goodman asked him to join his band. Stacy left Floyd Towne, moved
to New York City, and spent 1935-39 with the Benny Goodman
Orchestra, including the Carnegie Hall concert in 1938. The
Carnegie Hall performance was elevated in part by Stacy's
unplanned piano solo during "Sing, Sing, Sing (With a
Swing)", around which a great modern legacy has grown.
Following a Goodman/Krupa duet, Stacy received a nod from Goodman
to take a solo. "At the Carnegie Hall concert, after the
usual theatrics, Jess Stacy was allowed to solo and, given the
venue, what followed was appropriate... Used to just playing
rhythm on the tune, he was unprepared for a turn in the spotlight,
but what came out of his fingers was a graceful, impressionistic
marvel with classical flourishes, yet still managed to swing. It
was the best thing he ever did, and it's ironic that such a
layered, nuanced performance came at the end of such a chaotic,
bombastic tune", wrote David Rickert. After leaving the
Goodman Orchestra, Stacy joined the Bob Crosby Orchestra and the
Bob Crosby Bob-Cats. He won the Down Beat magazine piano poll in
1940. In 1950 Stacy moved to Los Angeles. His career declined to
club work. While playing at the piano bar in Leon's Steak House,
he walked out after a drunken woman spilled beer in his lap. He
announced he was quitting the music business and retired from
public performances. He worked as a salesman, warehouseman,
postman, and for Max Factor cosmetics before being rediscovered.
He played for Nelson Riddle on the soundtrack of The Great Gatsby
(1974). The same year as the film's release he was invited to play
at the Newport Jazz Festival in New York and was asked to record
twice for Chiaroscuro, in 1974 and 1977 (Stacy Still Swings). His
final performance was broadcast on Marian McPartland's Piano Jazz
on December 1, 1981. After his brief and revival in the 1970s, he
again retired from music and lived with his third wife, Patricia
Peck Stacy. In addition to the Goodman and Crosby orchestras,
Stacy played with Bix Beiderbecke, Eddie Condon, Bud Freeman,
George Gershwin, Lionel Hampton, Billie Holiday, Gene Krupa, Jack
Teagarden, and Horace Heidt. Stacy had a tumultuous love life as a
young man. His first wife was Helen Robinson. Both were young when
they married in 1924. Stacy worked at night in clubs and slept
during the day while Robinson worked. She needed more security
than Stacy was willing to provide, and Stacy was unwilling to work
at a radio station for steady employment. This did not change when
the couple had a child, Frederick Jess. They divorced and Robinson
married a friend of Stacy, saxophonist Phil Wing. His second wife
was jazz singer Lee Wiley. The couple was described by their
friend Deane Kincaide as "compatible as two cats, tails tied
together, hanging over a clothesline." They divorced in 1948
after three years of marriage. His third wife was Patricia Peck.
They dated for a decade before getting married on September 8,
1950. They lived in Los Angeles and were married for forty-five
years.
https://store.earthstation1.com/benny-goodman39s-camel-caravan-swing-school-old-time-radio-mp3393.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Mister
Rock And Roll (1957) Alan Freed Chuck Berry DVD Download USB
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 1919: #BOTD: #HBD! Rocky
Graziano, American professional boxer and actor who held the World
Middleweight title (d. May 22, 1990) is #born Thomas Rocco
Barbella in Brooklyn, New York, and grew up as a street fighter in
an Italian enclave centered on East 10th Street, between First
Avenue and Avenue A in Manhattan's East Village. He learned to
look after himself before he could read or write, and spent years
in reform school, jail, and Catholic protectories. Graziano is
considered one of the greatest knockout artists in boxing history,
often displaying the capacity to take his opponent out with a
single punch. He was ranked 23rd on The Ring magazine list of the
greatest punchers of all time. He fought many of the best
middleweights of the era including Sugar Ray Robinson. His
turbulent and violent life story was the basis of the 1956
Oscar-winning drama film, Somebody Up There Likes Me, based on his
1955 autobiography of the same title. Rocky Graziano died from
cardiopulmonary failure on May 22, 1990 in New York City at age
71. Graziano's funeral was held at St. Patrick's Cathedral. He is
interred at the Locust Valley Cemetery along with his wife, who
died in 2009.
https://store.earthstation1.com/mister-rock-and-roll-dvd-1957-alan-freed-story-m1957.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Selling
Murder: The Killing Films Of The Third Reich DVD, MP4, USB
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 1934: The Interwar Period (The
Interbellum, Between The Wars): Nazi Germany (The German Reich):
Nazi Eugenics ("Racial Hygiene"): The Law For The
Prevention Of Genetically Diseased Offspring (The Law For The
Prevention Of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring, The Sterilisation
Law): -- Nazi Germany enacts the July 14, 1933 statute which
allowed the compulsory sterilisation of any citizen who in the
opinion of a "Genetic Health Court"
(Erbgesundheitsgericht) suffered from a list of alleged genetic
disorders - many of which were not, in fact, genetic. The
elaborate interpretive commentary on the law was written by three
dominant figures in the racial hygiene movement: Ernst Rudin,
Arthur Gutt and the lawyer Falk Ruttke. While it has close
resemblances with the American Model Eugenical Sterilization Law
developed by Harry H. Laughlin, the law itself was initially
drafted in 1932, at the end of the Weimar Republic period, by a
committee led by the Prussian health board. The basic provisions
of the 1933 law stated 1) Any person suffering from a hereditary
disease may be rendered incapable of procreation by means of a
surgical operation (sterilization), if the experience of medical
science shows that it is highly probable that his descendants
would suffer from some serious physical or mental hereditary
defect; 2) For the purposes of this law, any person will be
considered as hereditarily diseased who is suffering from any one
of the following diseases: (1) Congenital Mental Deficiency, (2)
Schizophrenia, (3) Manic-Depressive Insanity, (4) Hereditary
Epilepsy, (5) Hereditary Chorea (Huntington's Disease), (6)
Hereditary Blindness, (7) Hereditary Deafness, and (8) Any severe
hereditary deformity; and 3) Any person suffering from severe
alcoholism may be also rendered incapable of procreation. The law
applied to anyone in the general population, making its scope
significantly larger than the compulsory sterilisation laws in the
United States, which generally were only applicable on people in
psychiatric hospitals or prisons. The 1933 law created a large
number of "Genetic Health Courts" (German:
Erbgesundheitsgericht, EGG), consisting of a judge, a medical
officer, and medical practitioner, which "shall decide at its
own discretion after considering the results of the whole
proceedings and the evidence tendered". If the court decided
that the person in question was to be sterilised, the decision
could be appealed to the "Higher Genetic Health Court"
(German: Erbgesundheitsobergericht, EGOG). If the appeal failed,
the sterilization was to be carried out, with the law specifying
that "the use of force is permissible". The law also
required that people seeking voluntary sterilizations also go
through the courts. There were three amendments by 1935, most
making minor adjustments to how the statute operated or clarifying
bureaucratic aspects (such as who paid for the operations). The
most significant changes allowed the Higher Court to renounce a
patient's right to appeal, and to fine physicians who did not
report patients who they knew would qualify for sterilisation
under the law. The law also enforced sterilization on the
so-called "Rhineland bastards," the mixed-race children
of German civilians and French African soldiers who helped occupy
the Rhineland. At the time of its enaction, the German government
pointed to the success of sterilisation laws elsewhere, especially
the work in California documented by the American eugenicists E.
S. Gosney and Paul Popenoe, as evidence of the humaneness and
efficacy of such laws. Eugenicists abroad admired the German law
for its legal and ideological clarity. Popenoe himself wrote that
"the German law is well drawn and, in form, may be considered
better than the sterilization laws of most American states",
and trusted in the German government's "conservative,
sympathetic, and intelligent administration" of the law,
praising the "scientific leadership" of the Nazis. The
German mathematician Otfrid Mittmann defended the law against
"unfavorable judgements".In the first year of the law's
operation, 1934, 84,600 cases were brought to Genetic Health
Courts, with 62,400 forced sterilisations. Nearly 4,000 people
appealed against the decisions of sterilisation authorities; 3,559
of the appeals failed. In 1935, it was 88,100 trials and 71,700
sterilizations. By the end of the Nazi regime, over 200 "Genetic
Health Courts" were created, and under their rulings over
400,000 people were sterilized against their will. Along with the
law, Adolf Hitler personally decriminalised abortion in case of
fetuses having racial or hereditary defects for doctors, while the
abortion of healthy "pure" German, "Aryan"
unborn remained strictly forbidden. The Nazi eugenics program,
known in Germany at that time as National Socialist Racial
Hygiene, were Nazi Germany's racially based social policies that
placed the biological improvement of the Aryan race master race or
Germanic "Ubermenschen", or "Supermen", a
practice of eugenics at the center of Nazi ideology. Eugenics
research in Germany before and during the Nazi period was similar
to that in the United States (particularly California), by which
it had been partly inspired. However, its prominence rose sharply
under Adolf Hitler's leadership when wealthy Nazi supporters
started heavily investing in it. The programs were subsequently
shaped to complement Nazi racial policies. Those humans targeted
for destruction under Nazi eugenics policies were largely living
in private and state-operated institutions, identified as "life
unworthy of life", including prisoners, "degenerates",
dissidents, people with congenital cognitive and physical
disabilities (including people who were "feebleminded",
epileptic, schizophrenic, manic-depressive, cerebral palsy,
muscular dystrophy, deaf, blind), homosexual, idle, insane, and
the weak, for elimination from the chain of heredity. More than
400,000 people were sterilized against their will, while more than
70,000 were killed under a eugenenics euthanasia program called
Action T4.
https://store.earthstation1.com/selling-murder-the-killing-films-of-the-third-reich-dvd-mp4-us4.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: War
Jets: The General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026Birthdate Unknown, 1942: Muammar Gaddafi,
Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist, was the
de facto leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011, first as Revolutionary
Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977, and then
as the Brotherly Leader of the Great Socialist People's Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011 (d. October 20, 2011) is #Born
near Sirte, Italian Libya, to a poor Bedouin Arab family.
Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab
socialism, Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi later ruled
according to his own Third International Theory. Gaddafi became an
Arab nationalist while at school in Sabha, later enrolling in the
Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Within the military, he founded
a revolutionary group which deposed the Western-backed Senussi
monarchy of Idris in a 1969 coup. Having taken power, Gaddafi
converted Libya into a republic governed by his Revolutionary
Command Council. Ruling by decree, he deported Libya's Italian
population and ejected its Western military bases. Strengthening
ties to Arab nationalist governments-particularly Gamal Abdel
Nasser's Egypt-he unsuccessfully advocated pan-Arab political
union. An Islamic modernist, he introduced sharia as the basis for
the legal system and promoted "Islamic socialism". He
nationalized the oil industry and used the increasing state
revenues to bolster the military, fund foreign revolutionaries,
and implement social programs emphasizing house-building,
healthcare and education projects. In 1973, he initiated a
"Popular Revolution" with the formation of Basic
People's Congresses, presented as a system of direct democracy,
but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined
his Third International Theory that year in The Green Book.
Gaddafi transformed Libya into a new socialist state called a
Jamahiriya ("state of the masses") in 1977. He
officially adopted a symbolic role in governance but remained head
of both the military and the Revolutionary Committees responsible
for policing and suppressing dissent. During the 1970s and 1980s,
Libya's unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, support
for foreign militants, and alleged responsibility for the
Lockerbie bombing in Scotland left it increasingly isolated on the
world stage. A particularly hostile relationship developed with
Israel, the United States and the United Kingdom, resulting in the
1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic
sanctions. From 1999, Gaddafi shunned pan-Arabism, and encouraged
pan-Africanism and rapprochement with Western nations; he was
Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010. Amid the 2011
Arab Spring, protests against widespread corruption and
unemployment broke out in eastern Libya. The situation descended
into civil war, in which NATO intervened militarily on the side of
the anti-Gaddafist National Transitional Council (NTC). Gaddafi's
government was overthrown; he retreated to Sirte, only to be
captured and killed by NTC militants. A highly divisive figure,
Gaddafi dominated Libya's politics for four decades and was the
subject of a pervasive cult of personality. He was decorated with
various awards and praised for his anti-imperialist stance,
support for Arab-and then African-unity, as well as for
significant development to the country following the discovery of
oil reserves. Conversely, many Libyans strongly opposed Gaddafi's
social and economic reforms; he was posthumously accused of
various human rights violations. He was condemned by many as a
dictator whose authoritarian administration systematically
violated human rights and financed global terrorism in the region
and abroad. During The First Libyan Civil War of The Libyan Crisis
(2011-Present), rebel forces captured Gaddafi and his son Mutassim
in his hometown of Sirte, then killed him with a gunshot to the
head shortly thereafter, ending the First Libyan Civil War. He is
buried in an unknown location in the Libyan Desert.
https://store.earthstation1.com/war-jets-the-general-dynamics-f111-aardvark-111.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Western Tradition TV Series DVD, MP4 Video Download, USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026Death Date Unknown, BC 130: #DOTD: #RIP:
Antinous (an-TIN-oh-wahs), also called Antinoos, male Greek youth
from Bithynia, a favourite and lover of the Roman emperor Hadrian
(b. November 27, 111) #dies amid mysterious circumstances. In
October 130, as they were part of a flotilla going along the Nile,
Antinous died. Various suggestions have been put forward for how
he died, ranging from an accidental drowning to an intentional
human sacrifice or suicide. Following his death, Hadrian deified
Antinous and founded an organised cult devoted to his worship that
spread throughout the Empire. Hadrian founded the city of
Antinoopolis close to Antinous's place of death, which became a
cultic centre for the worship of Osiris-Antinous. Hadrian also
founded games in commemoration of Antinous to take place in both
Antinoopolis and Athens, with Antinous becoming a symbol of
Hadrian's dreams of pan-Hellenism. The worship of Antinous proved
to be one of the most enduring and popular of cults of deified
humans in the Roman empire, and events continued to be founded in
his honour long after Hadrian's death. Antinous became a symbol of
male homosexuality in Western culture, appearing in the work of
Oscar Wilde, Fernando Pessoa and Marguerite Yourcenar. Antinous
died under mysterious circumstances before his twentieth birthday.
Antinous was deified on Hadrian's orders, being worshipped in both
the Greek East and Latin West, sometimes a hero and sometimes as a
god. Hadrian and his entourage, among them Antinous, assembled at
Heliopolis to set sail upstream as part of a flotilla along the
River Nile. The retinue included officials, the Prefect, army and
naval commanders, as well as literary and scholarly figures.
Possibly also joining them was Lucius Ceionius Commodus, the young
aristocrat son of Marcus Aurelius whom Antinous might have deemed
a rival to Hadrian's affections. On their journey up the Nile,
they stopped at Hermopolis Magna, the primary shrine to the god
Thoth. It was shortly after this, in October 130 - around the time
of the festival of Osiris - that Antinous fell into the river and
died, probably from drowning. Hadrian publicly announced his
death, with gossip soon spreading throughout the Empire that
Antinous had been intentionally killed. The nature of Antinous's
death remains a mystery to this day; however, various speculations
have been put forward. One possibility is that he was murdered by
a conspiracy at court. However, Lambert asserted that this was
unlikely because it lacked any supporting historical evidence, and
because Antinous himself seemingly exerted little influence over
Hadrian, thus meaning that an assassination served little purpose.
Some scholars suggest that Antinous may have been killed by
Hadrian himself, either in an attempt by the latter to regain his
health, or during an argument between the two. Elizabeth Speller,
one of Hadrian's biographers, notes that the second idea aligns
with the emperor's well-documented fits of anger and violence.
However, most scholars reject the notion that Hadrian murdered his
own lover, judging by his overwhelming grief at Antinous's death.
Another suggestion is that Antinous had died during a voluntary
castration as part of an attempt to retain his youth and thus his
sexual appeal to Hadrian. However, this is improbable because
Hadrian deemed both castration and circumcision to be abominations
and, as Antinous was aged between 18 and 20 at the time of death,
any such operation would have been ineffective. A fourth
possibility is that the death was accidental, perhaps because
Antinous was intoxicated. According to his now-lost memoirs,
Hadrian himself believed this to be the case. Another possibility
is that Antinous represented a voluntary human sacrifice. The
earliest surviving suggestion of this comes from the writings of
Dio Cassius, 80 years after the event, although it was
subsequently repeated in many later sources. In the 2nd-century
Roman Empire, a belief that the death of one could rejuvenate the
health of another was widespread, and Hadrian had been ill for
many years; in this scenario, Antinous could have sacrificed
himself in the belief that Hadrian would have recovered. If this
last situation were true, Hadrian might not have revealed the
cause of Antinous's death because he did not wish to appear either
physically or politically weak. Conversely, opposing this
possibility is the fact that Hadrian disliked human sacrifice and
had strengthened laws against it in the Empire. It is unknown
exactly where Antinous's body was buried; it has been argued that
either his body or some relics associated with him would have been
interred at a shrine in Antinoopolis, although this has yet to be
identified archaeologically -- however, a surviving obelisk
contains an inscription strongly suggesting that Antinous's body
was interred at Hadrian's country estate, the Villa Adriana at
Tibur in Italy. Antinous was born in Claudiopolis (present day
Bolu, Turkey), in the Roman province of Bithynia et Pontus. Little
is known of Antinous's life. He was probably introduced to Hadrian
in 123, before being taken to Italy for a higher education. He had
become the favourite of Hadrian by 128, when he was taken on a
tour of the Roman Empire as part of Hadrian's personal retinue.
Antinous accompanied Hadrian during his attendance of the annual
Eleusinian Mysteries in Athens, and was with him when he killed
the Marousian lion in Libya, an event highly publicised by the
Emperor.
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-western-tradition-dvd-set-all-52-shows-13-d5213.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Thomas
A. Edison: The Wizard Of Menlo Park + 3 Bonus Titles MP4 DVD
Today, January 1, 2026Birthdate Unknown, c. 1875: #BOTD: #HBD:
Topsy, female Asian elephant, infamously electrocuted to death at
Coney Island, New York (d. January 4, 1903) is #born at an unknown
location. Topsy #died when she ws electrocuted by the owners of
Luna Park, Coney Island. The Edison film company shoots the film
"Electrocuting An Elephant" of Topsy' death. After
several incidents at Luna Park (sometimes attributed to the
actions of her drunken handler, William "Whitey" Alt)
the owners of Luna Park, Frederick Thompson and Elmer Dundy,
claimed they could no longer handle the elephant and announced
they would hang Topsy in a public spectacle and charge admission.
The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
stepped in, questioning the idea of hanging an elephant as well as
making a public spectacle out of the death of an animal. Thompson
and Dundy cut the event back to invited guest and press only and
agreed to use a more sure method of strangling the elephant with
large ropes tied to a steam powered winch. They also agreed they
would use poison and electricity as well. In popular culture
Thompson and Dundy' execution of Topsy has switched attribution,
with claims the film depicts an anti-alternating current
demonstration organized by Thomas A. Edison during the War of
Currents. Historians point out that Edison was never at Luna Park
and the electrocution of Topsy took place 10 years after the War
of Currents.
https://store.earthstation1.com/thomas-a-edison-the-wizard-of-menlo-park-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Story Of Civilization: Will & Ariel Durant DVD, MP3 Download,
USB
Today, January 1, 2026Deathdate Unknown, AD 29: #DOTD: Livia,
Roman empress from 27 BC to AD 14 as the wife of Emperor Caesar
Augustus, grandmother of the emperor Claudius, great-grandmother
of the emperor Caligula, and the great-great-grandmother of the
emperor Nero. In AD 42, Livia was deified by Claudius, who
acknowledged her title of Augusta (b. January 30, 58 BC) #dies in
Rome, Italy, Roman Empire, aged 86-87. She was buried in The
Mausoleum Of Augustus in Rome. Livia was born Livia Drusilla in
Rome, Italy, Roman Republic. She was known as Julia Augusta after
her formal adoption into the Julian family in AD 14. Livia was the
daughter of Roman senator Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus and his
wife Alfidia. She married Tiberius Claudius Nero around 43 BC, and
they had two sons, Tiberius and Drusus. In 38 BC, she divorced
Tiberius Claudius Nero and married the political leader Octavian.
The Senate granted Octavian the title Augustus in 27 BC,
effectively making him emperor. Livia then became the Roman
empress. In this role, she served as an influential confidant of
her husband and was rumored to have been responsible for the
deaths of a number of Augustus' relatives, including his grandson
Agrippa Postumus. After Augustus died in AD 14, Tiberius became
emperor. Livia continued to exert political influence as the
mother of the emperor.
https://store.earthstation1.com/story-of-civilization-will-amp-ariel-durant-mp3-dvd-11-audiobo311.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Patti
Page Music TV Shows DVD, MP4 Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 2013: #DOTD: #RIP: Patti Page,
American singer, actress and beauty (b. November 8, 1927) #dies at
the Seacrest Village Retirement Community in Encinitas,
California, at the age of 85; she had been suffering from heart
and lung disease. She is buried at El Camino Memorial Park in San
Diego. Born Clara Ann Fowler in Claremore, Oklahoma (some sources
give Muskogee, Oklahoma) into a large and poor family of 11
children (3 boys and 8 girls, she was a singer of traditional pop
music and country music. She was the top-charting female vocalist
and best-selling female artist of the 1950s, selling over 100
million records during a six-decade long career. She was often
introduced as "the Singin' Rage, Miss Patti Page". New
York WNEW disc-jockey William B. Williams introduced her as "A
Page in my life called Patti". Page signed with Mercury
Records in 1947, and became their first successful female artist,
starting with 1948's "Confess". In 1950, she had her
first million-selling single "With My Eyes Wide Open, I'm
Dreaming", and would eventually have 14 additional
million-selling singles between 1950 and 1965. Page's signature
song, Tennessee Waltz, was one of the biggest-selling singles of
the 20th century, and is recognized today as one of the official
songs of the state of Tennessee. It spent 13 weeks atop the
Billboard magazine's Best-Sellers List in 1950. Page had three
additional No. 1 hit singles between 1950 and 1953, "All My
Love (Bolero)", "I Went to Your Wedding", and "(How
Much Is That) Doggie in the Window". Unlike most other pop
music singers, Page blended country music styles into many of her
most popular songs. As a result of this crossover appeal, many of
Page's singles appeared on the Billboard Country Chart. Towards
the 1970s, she shifted her career towards country music and began
having greater success on its charts, ending up one of the few
vocalists to have made them in five separate decades. With the
rise of Rock and Roll in the second half of the 1950s, traditional
pop music began to wane. Page was among a small number of
traditional pop music singers able to sustain success, continuing
to have major hits into the mid-1960s with "Old Cape Cod,"
"Allegheny Moon," "A Poor Man's Roses (Or a Rich
Man's Gold)," and "Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte." In
1997, Patti Page was inducted into the Oklahoma Music Hall of
Fame. She was posthumously honored with the Lifetime Achievement
Grammy Award in 2013.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Surviving Desire 1991 Martin Donovan Mary Ward DVD/Download/USB
Drive
Today, January 1, 2026January 01, 1955: #BOTD: #HBD! Mary B.
Ward, American actress and beauty, is #born; her birth details are
not publicly disclosed. She appeared in the films Collaborator
(2011), Operation Sandman: Warriors in Hell (2000), Amy (1998),
Smoke (1995), Another Girl, Another Planet (1992), Hangin' With
the Homeboys (1991), Backstage (1988), Playing for Keeps (1986)
Chloe, Jenny Kissed Me (1985), and Surviving Desire (1991).
https://store.earthstation1.com/surviving-desire-1991-dvd-martin-donovan-mary-1991.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Women
Of Courage: The WASP Aviators Of WWII DVD MP4 Download USB Drive
Today, January 1, 2026Birthdate Unknown, 1922: #BOTD: #HBD!
Dorothy Ann Smith Lucas, US air force pilot who served as a WASP
pilot during World War II (d. May 4, 2022) was born. "It was
a very patriotic time," recounted Lucas of her service during
World War II. "I just wanted to do something to help the war
effort." In early 1943, her friend Margaret told her about an
organization that was looking for female pilots. Lucas recalled
"We learned the age limit was from 21 to 35 years and that
you had to have thirty-five flight hours to apply for admission to
WASP. You also were required to be of good moral character,
complete a personal interview with supervisors, and pass the
rigorous Army physical for all military pilots...I decided on my
own that I wanted to learn to fly... Margaret and I had to drive
fifty miles to Frederick, Maryland, to take flying lessons, which
were very expensive. We had to make that long drive because no
planes were permitted to fly within a fifty-mile radius of the
Capitol." Margaret never completed the WASP program, but
Dorothy did. "It was my first time in Texas, a very different
experience but very interesting for me," she remembered. "But
I always enjoyed meeting new people and going to new places. It
was pretty amazing." Lucas, one of the youngest pilots in the
program, was training in Sweetwater the day before her first solo
flight when her brother, an Army Air Corps navigator, was killed
overseas. Despite her mother's pleas to return home, she stayed
and got her wings. After her graduation, her first assignment was
at Moore Field in Mission, TX towing targets for male flying
cadets. "Our tow ships were AT-6 Texan advanced two-seat
trainers," Lucas explained. "There was a young enlisted
man in the back seat operating the cable. On the end of the cable
was a large flag, the target. The cadets undergoing gunnery
training made passes at the target from their planes. After these
sessions, I flew to the auxiliary airfield not far from Moore
Field, where I slowed the plane. The young man in back released
the target and reeled the cable back up into the plane. I then
landed so he could jump out, retrieve the flag, and put it in the
back seat. We then took off for the main airfield, and that was
the end of a gunnery session, about an hour and a half in all."
It was during this time she met her future husband, Capt. A. T.
Lucas. "One day I was preparing to land at the auxiliary
airfield when I saw his plane on the ground. He was watching his
cadets shoot takeoffs and landings. I really wanted to make a
smooth landing, but I leveled off too high and bounced in. Was my
face red! That was the worst landing I ever made, but you know
what? He married me anyway!" Lucas recounted, "Not only
did WASP prove that women could fly military aircraft as well as
their male counterparts, but they also established a firm
foundation for women in aviation." Dorothy Ann Smith Lucas
died just six months shy of her 100th birthday.
https://store.earthstation1.com/women-of-courage-the-wasp-aviators-of-wwii-dvd-mp4-download-usb-driv5.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Machine That Changed The World: The Computer DVD MP4 Download
Today, January 1, 2026January 1, 1992: #DOTD: #RIP: Grace
Hopper, United States Navy rear admiral, pioneer American computer
scientist and programmer, the first person to devise the theory of
machine-independent programming languages, one of the first
programmers on the Harvard Mark I electromechanical computer used
by the US during the last part of World War II, mathematician,
author the first computer manual, "A Manual Of Operation For
The Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator", co-developer
of COBOL (common Business-Oriented Language) (b. December 9, 1906)
#dies in her sleep on New Year's Day 1992 off natural causes at
her home in Arlington County, Virginia, aged 85. She is interred
with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery. Grace
Hopper was born Grace Brewster Murray in New York City. Hopper
used her pioneering theory of programming languagues to develop
the FLOW-MATIC programming language and COBOL, an early high-level
programming language still in use today. Before joining the Navy,
Hopper earned a Ph.D. in both mathematics and mathematical physics
from Yale University and was a professor of mathematics at Vassar
College. She left her position at Vassar to join the United States
Navy Reserve during World War II. Hopper began her computing
career in 1944 as a member of the Harvard Mark I team, led by
Howard H. Aiken. In 1949, she joined the Eckert-Mauchly Computer
Corporation and was part of the team that developed the UNIVAC I
computer. At Eckert-Mauchly she managed the development of one of
the first COBOL compilers. She believed that programming should be
simplified with an English-based computer programming language.
Her compiler converted English terms into machine code understood
by computers. By 1952, Hopper had finished her program linker
(originally called a compiler), which was written for the A-0
System. In 1954, Eckert-Mauchly chose Hopper to lead their
department for automatic programming, and she led the release of
some of the first compiled languages like FLOW-MATIC. In 1959, she
participated in the CODASYL consortium, helping to create a
machine-independent programming language called COBOL language,
which was based on English words. Hopper promoted the use of the
language throughout the 60s. The U.S. Navy Arleigh Burke-class
guided-missile destroyer USS Hopper was named for her, as was the
Cray XE6 "Hopper" supercomputer at NERSC, and the Nvidia
GPU architecture "Hopper". During her lifetime, Hopper
was awarded 40 honorary degrees from universities across the
world. A college at Yale University was renamed in her honor. In
1991, she received the National Medal of Technology. On November
22, 2016, she was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of
Freedom by President Barack Obama. In 2024, the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) dedicated a marker in
honor of Grace Hopper at the University of Pennsylvania for her
role in inventing the A-0 compiler during her time as a Lecturer
in the School of Engineering, citing her inspirational impact on
young engineers.
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-machine-that-changed-the-world-the-computer-dvd-mp4-downloa4.html